Charles Darwin Essay Example for Free

Charles Darwin EssayCharles Darwin was a British scientist who came up with the idea of the theory of Evolution. He was also a botanist which would be one of the reason outs what lend him towards inventing his surmisal of Evolution. Why and How?Charles Darwin travelled to the Galapagos Island as a biologist. He travelled on a ship which was undertaking surveys of the Pacific Ocean. His voyage was to examine plants and animals on the islands through which he came up with Theory of Evolution. Charles Darwin came up with his Theory of Evolution after surveying birds on each island he went to. He saw finches solely they alone had different beaks, one finch had a long beak the other had a short beak and another had a dipping beak. After seeing all this Charles Darwin started thinking and so he thought why does one bird have a long beak and the other have a subtle beak. During his voyage on the beagle he carried on observing and found fossils and also saw consistent results for w hich he came up with the theory of evolution. His theory explained that all backing things have a common ascendant. The finches he discovered had different beaks and so he came up with the conclusion that all of these finches had a common tooth root and thusly they all evolved from that common ancestor.HypothesisCharles Darwins hypothesis was that every living thing has a common ancestor and that we all evolve from that common ancestor. His reason for us all evolving was that so we can adapt with the nature around us and survive. For example giraffes have long necks, according to Charles Darwin these giraffes had a common ancestor who had short necks from time to time a mutation resulted in a giraffe having a long neck. The reason being is so that, the giraffe could happen the trees better and get extra food and be more prone to stay alive and reproduce than all of the other giraffes. Eventually, the attribute would be passed shovel in until generally most giraffes had long ne cks.Evidence and proofJean Baptise Lamarck, who was a French naturalist, discovered his own theory before Charles Darwin discovered his Theory of Evolution. Lamarcks theory was that organisms would pass their attribute down to their generations for example if someone was to loos their weapon system then their coming baby would be born without a arm and then it would get passed down the generation and then eventually you would find most good deal without an arm. Charles Darwins theory contradicted to Lamarcks theory and so people didnt believe in his Theory of Evolution. Also Charles Darwin lacked in evidence because he had no evidence that all the finches have a common ancestor or that all organisms have an common ancestor and so because of him not having enough evidence he lacked proof and so his theory wasnt reliable.

Toxic Waste And Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Toxic Waste And Discrimination EssayThe discrimination suffered by peck of color goes as far as locating them to neighborhoods that are near toxic toss off facilities. This is an important issue to address since the discrimination done in this sphere does non only affect difference in treatment per se. It affects the health and well-being of the individuals being discriminated against. On the 20th of the 1987 Toxic Wastes and Race report, the topic of disparity in treatment when it comes to locating people in neighborhoods was once again examined. The study proved that the discrimination, fluid exists, and in fact, has worsened as years passed by. According to the clause by Bullard, Mohai, et.al., the study yielded the following resultsPeople of color make up the majority (56%) of those living in neighborhoods within 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) of the nations commercial hazardous waste facilitiesPeople of color make up a much larger majority (69%) in neighborhoods with clustere d facilities. 9 out of 10 EPA regions have racial disparities in the location of hazardous waste sites.Forty of 44 states (90%) with hazardous waste facilities have disproportionately high percentages of people of color in multitude neighborhoods (2007)In summary, the research shows that racial and socioeconomic disparities in the location of the nations hazardous waste facilities are geographically widespread throughout the country and that race is still the one of the main factors in fixing the location in a neighborhood nearing toxic waste facilities. There was an attempt on the part of the administration to alleviate this form of discrimination by conveying critiques on the way EPA disposes of environmental justice issues brought before them. The agency has also met defiance when it comes to proposals that it sought to implement. As reported by the article, the government has already suggested a cut on its budget due to the agencys failure to review its policies and orders. H owever, as regards the make it measure sought to be offn as regards the issue, the article commented that suggesting said cut on the budget could actually make minorities more exposed to befoulment and toxic wastes. The article suggests that in order to alleviate this type of discrimination, Congressional oversight hearing should be conducted in order to examine the procedures followed by the agency, as well to review the policies issued by it. The article also suggested the implementation of the Inspector Generals recommendations as regards policy-making of the agency. Lastly, the author seeks to have an enactment of a law which will ensure enforcement of environmental justice issues. It is believed that the problem could be solved by first disseminating information as regards the subject social occasion. Through this, people will be aware of what is happening, how their rights are being affected, and how they could seek redress. By disseminating information, the process of gov ernment supervision and regulation will be more punctilious since the people affected can actually check if the actions of the government are to their favor and can actually solve the problem at hand. It is viewed that although government should take action in resolving this issue of discrimination in environmental location, the people actually affected should take part so that their opinions on the matter could properly be heard and considered.REFERENCERobert Bullard, Paul Mohai, et.al.,Toxic Wastes And Race At Twenty 1987-2007Grassroots Struggles to Dismantle Environmental Racism in the U.S., 2007, http//www.ejrc.cau.edu/TWARTreport.htm

System Logs Network Level Logs for windows and Linux

System Logs Network Level Logs for windows and LinuxABSTRACT-WWW is broadly utilized by individuals for accessing services like social media, watching videos, accessing various information from incompatible websites. Every one of these exercises are tracked or traced in different types of put down files. Henceforth log records are to a great degree helpful in understanding lymph gland behavior, Improving server performance, and intrusion spying and so on. In this research paper, we concentrate on performance of snort by utilizing optimized log plan versus conventional log pattern. My paper concentrates on agreement logs network level logs for windows and Linux. In this paper we are attempting to use a fast pattern matching algorithm to be used for better researching for boo IDS. In this way snort IDS can provide very fast detection rate. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) provide an important security character to help def cease against network attacks. As network speeds up and detection workloads increments, it is critical for NIDSes to be highly proficient. Most NIDSes need to check for a considerable number of known attack patterns in each packet, thus making the pattern matching very expensive p imposture of signature based NIDSes in processing and memory assets. This paper presents another algorithm for pattern matching customized specifically for interruption detection.Introduction-Interruption Detection addresses a scope of innovations that are involved in the detection and reporting network and system security occasions. Many times, individuals have proposed a few adept definitions for Intrusion detection and Intrusion ginmill systems. An IDS is an alarming system that watches data stream at various points in the network, giving cautions and alerts on suspect or malevolent activity. While an IDA just alarms the decision maker on discovery of malicious activity, it might be additionally help to keep them from re-occurring. This lea ds us to the idea of Intrusion Prevention system. An Intrusion Prevention System, is a system with a proactive strategy for distinguishing and averting noxious movement, yet permits administrator to perform activity after being cautioned. Both IDS and IPS require pattern matching capabilities with a given set of rules which work in real-time at a constant high speed.Log analysis is basically an art and science trying to make some kind of sense out computer created records (likewise called log or audit trail records). The way toward making much(prenominal) records is called data logging.Reasons why individuals perform log Analysis areCompliance with security policies.Compliance with review or control.System investigating.Forensics (amid examinations or in repartee of subpoena)Security occurrence response.Logs are discharged by networking devices, Operating Systems, Applications and in all manner of shrewd or programmable computing devices. A flood of messages in time-sequence inclu des a log. Logs might be files and documents and are stored on disk, or guided as a network stream to a log gatherer.Log messages should be translated with respect to the sources internal state (e.g., application) and report security-significant or operations-pertinent event (e.g. a client login, or a system delusions).Logs are frequently made by programming engineers to help in the troubleshooting of the operation of an application. The language structure and semantics of data inside log messages are generally application or seller specific. voice communication may likewise shift for instance, the authentication of a user to an application might be described as a login, a logon, a client connection or validation event. Consequently, log analysis must translate messages in context of an application, vendor, system or configuration with a specific end goal to make valuable correlations with messages from various log sources.Log message format/content may not generally be completely documented. An errand of the log analysis is to actuate the system to discharge the full range of messages with a specific end goal to comprehend the entire domain from which the messages must be deciphered.A log analyst may outline terminology from various log sources into a uniform, standardized phrasing so that reports and statistics can be explained from a heterogeneous situation. For instance, log messages from Windows, Unix, firewalls, databases might be accumulated into a standardized report for the evaluator. Diverse systems may flag distinctive message priorities with an alternate vocabulary, for example, error and warning versus fail, caution, and critical.However proficient log examination is essential. Henceforth in our proposed system, we are utilizing a productive and fast pattern matching algorithm with SNORT.

Should Human Cloning Be Legalised Philosophy Essay

Should gentle copy Be Legalised Philosophy EssayHuman knockoff technology is a scientific breakthrough that is found to be nearly controversial during the last decade. Being a method riding habitd to produce duplicate copies of gays, at that place is huge controversy on whether duplicating military personnel deoxyribonucleic acid is ethical or non. Each and every part of our society is influenced by the introduction of adult male dead ringer. Religious vox populis do not wholeow such a technology, political parties be not sure if they should stop scientists from exploring the limits of k nowadaysledge, or leave them discover new technologies that could possibly put an end to our world. Scientists on the other hand, although calibre to apply gay dead ringer, atomic number 18 confronted with severe funding problems. citizenry argon divided into three groups the jump one consists of those who know what human copy is or so and be against it, the second one consis ts of those who are in favour of this technology and the last one of those who have no idea what human re-create is and are afraid of even thinking of it. In this essay I am investigating whether human cloning should be legalised or not, by analyzing contrasting scopes of human principles such as dignity and autonomy and how they correlate with moralistic restrictions that scientists should have. Another aspect of my research is the way society deals with human cloning and with the introduction of the first human clone a decade ago. In my opinion, human cloning is a technology that cannot be avoided at the point where we stand cover now and it may prove a wise decision to legalise it under strict fairnesss and limited official use.Contents2Introduction..3Section1 Human Cloning and Religion..4Section2 Human Cloning, Politics and union5Section3 Individuality, Personality and individuation.7Section4 Are there Human Clones already among us?.9Section5Advantages of Human Cloning12 Section6Disadvantages of Human Cloning14Conclusion16References/Bibliography..19INTRODUCTIONThe pressures for human cloning are powerful still, although it seems likely that nearlybody, at some term, allow elbow grease it, we need not assume that it will ever become a common or significant feature of human life.1, said Ian Wilmut, the creator of bird in his book The second creation Dolly and the age of Biological Control Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned in 5th July 1996 by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at Roslin Institute, in Scotland.Human cloning is a form of cloning which is designed to result in a copy of a human existence or a human body part.2Therefore, a cloned human is an identical copy of the one whose cells have been used. There are two types of human cloning, the remedial and the reproductive one. Therapeutic cloning is the use of understructure cells, in order to re divisorrate tissues in our organism, and reproductive cloning represents a new reproduction technique by which life can be given to an identical twin of the original cell donor.3Human cloning ethics are one of the most controversial issues right now. It is actually a social issue, as everyone in our society is positively or negatively affected by this new technology. As far as religion is concerned, there are representatives of religions claiming that scientists play immortal and others believing that human cloning is an advance in our society. There are pack believing that a cloned child cannot have its admit life and that it hasnt got a personality or it will not be developed properly. Does this reaction argue fear? perchance population have not really understood human cloning and therefore react in this way? Should scientists take moral business for their actions? Are there already clones among us? Every question makes the issue of human cloning more and more interesting and controversial.When a cloned bollix up grows up will it have a personality? give this person be an individual? go away it be treated like an individual? allow it have its own personality or the personality of the person its familial material comes from? give it have an identity?In this essay, I will translate to investigate whether human cloning should be legalized by taking into consideration the above questions.I have chosen to concentrate my investigation for human cloning on the United States of America, as this country spends a good amount of money for research, and decisions do can influence the whole world. Therefore, bearing in point the high standard of the laboratory equipment, and that in the USA there is a mixture of sight with different religions, legislation, economical and political status, I believe that it is worthwhile investigating this country. Besides, as President Barack Obama put it in September 2010 our nations success depends on strengthening Americas role as the engine of discovery and innovation.4Human Cloning and ReligionHuman cloni ng technology has the power to start life out of nowhere. This kind of technology is not accept from the religious people, as it is fancy to be an attempt to imitate God.Scientists are thought to be unethical, and people who act against Gods will. Representatives from most religions claim that cloning is an act of removing human dignity. Only God should be involved in the creation of life, therefore every action of life creation by humans is against Him. Infertility treatments that exist at the judgment of conviction are to a fault considered to be wrong according to religion.No one is supposed to play God and create life be wooing we are the creation and not the creators. Creating life is considered blasphemy for some(prenominal) religions if not all of them. Engineering humans is wrong for us to do because the solo one who has the right to engineer us is God. The breath of life is given to us by God not by scientists splicing genes in a lab.5The Bible tells us that it is he who made us and we are his6, and I do not believe we have been given any permission to compete or override Gods act of creation.7With follow to the book Brave New World by Aldus Huxley, scientists top executive be tempted to create clones with a lot of strength and low intelligence that will be used, according to governmental needs, either as slaves and workers or even as a whole army instead of using mercenaries.Human Cloning, Politics and SocietyHuman Cloning has an immediate effect on politics and huge controversies arise on this issue, as great interests are at stake mingled with various research and pharmaceutical companies, due to the huge expenses involved in this procedure. As the USA is a very big continent with different states having different legal systems each, a lot of communities with various religious beliefs or other beliefs (for example the Amish community) exist. Additionally, one must not forget the high percentage of analphabetism and conservatism reigning in some states. Thus, Americans can be categorized to three main groups those who are argue to human cloning technology because their own moral ethics and religious group wouldnt permit it, those who are indifferent to such a technology and are not interested at all and the ones who are in favor of this technology because they think we should continue to develop it.As we all know, it is in the nature of politicians to follow what most people want. Therefore, urgently seeking votes, they try to do whatever the majority prefers and also try to avoid what the majority dislikes. Since cloning is a technology originated by scientists and addressed to literate people more or less, there is a general opposition to human cloning since in the USA, 87 percent say it should be against the law to produce a child through cloning.8Additionally, it is of importance to say that nearly nine out of 10 Americans surveyed believe that human cloning should be illegal. Those opposed say their religious vi ews influence their opinion on this issue.9As Bill Clinton said when expressing his negative beliefs regarding human cloning Banning human cloning reflects our humanity. It is the right thing to do. Creating a child through this new method calls into question our most fundamental beliefs. It has the potential to threaten the sacred family bonds at the very perfume of our ideals and our society. At its worst, it could lead to misguided and malevolent attempts to select certain traits, even to create certain kind of children to make our children objects rather than cherished individuals.10Individuality, Personality and IdentityPeople are afraid of the cloning technology because they do not really understand it. Despite the huge marketing efforts put in by scientists, most people are against it. Although the advantages cloning offers are important and do exist, there are serious drawbacks such as the religious ones discussed above which arrangement that scientists should be more eth ically and morally responsible for their actions.An individual can be simply defined as a person that acts and thinks. Cogito ergo sum, I think therefore I am, said Descartes, positioning his idea about an individual. An individual is someone who thinks and therefore exists. According to empiricists the idea of individual is shown through the tabula rasa, unoccupied state, notion. An individual in other words develops his knowledge by education and experience and is not born with the principles of life.One can be an individual only if he relates with the world around him. Cloning relates to individuality because if the human race is not ready enough to accept human clones, when these clones arrive it will be a major problem. Will a cloned person have individuality? Will other people let the clone have individuality? Will he be tabula rasa or will scientists inject him with knowledge? Will he be one of us? Or a programmed computerized machine? I believe that a clone will be a copy o f the person cloned but, as twins, will have some differences in his/her personality that are not affected by genes and genetic endowment. The cloned person will mostly be a copied image of the original with its own characteristics depending on the environment where he/she lives, the people who come in contact with him/her and generally his/her upbringing.Personality is the supreme realization of the innate idiosyncrasy of a living being. It is an act of high courage flung in the face of life, the absolute affirmation of all that constitutes the individual, the most successful adaptation to the universal condition of existence coupled with the greatest possible freedom for self-determination.11In order to have a personality, we must be individuals. Is a clones personality going to be the same as the person from whom he was cloned or is he going to create his own personality? Will people let him create his own personality? Personality most times is created after socialization. Will a cloned person be able to socialize? Although the clone is going to create his own personality, he is going to be treated as an outcast, stigmatized and not be able develop.Identity is defined as the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity.12As we can see from the definition, identity involves both personality and individuality. Therefore, someone must possess individuality, personality and identity in order to be accepted by our society. Can a clone gain a persisting entity? Can we accept clones that havent got a personality, an identity or individuality? Will clones be able to assume full responsibility for their actions? Maybe the person from whom the clone originated wants to have responsibility of his clone. Or even the government or scientists may want to have full control on the clone.We must also consider the issue of human dignity and autonomy. Although dignity and autonomy mostly overlap, they are fundamental principles of what a human being i s. Maybe copying a humans DNA and genome will infringe human dignity.Are there human clones already among us?Even from the period of the routine World War the idea of cloning had already been established. Hitler wanted to create a race, the Aryan race where everyone would share the same characteristics and the same culture.Dr Josef Mengele, also cognise as the Angel of Death, experimented with identical twins and was extremely involved in genetic research in Auschwitz. He was mainly interested in heredity and how genes are important. We can assume that since he was so involved in studies of genetics importance, he may have had the desire to clone children but did not have the necessary knowledge at the time.In 1993, the US government reported that the first human embryos had been cloned. Cells taken from defective human embryos in an antisepsis clinic are grown in vitro and developed up to 32-cell stage, then destroyed.13In 1997 Polly is cloned, by Ian Wilmuts team (Dollys creato rs) which is the first sheep that has been genetically engineered with human genes. This clone is considered a want of ethics and should not be repeated in any way since the dignity and autonomy of our race is infringed. In 2001 and according to the CNN, fertility scientists in capital of Italy reported their plans to start applying cloning technology on human beings. Dolly is here and we are next,,14Panayiotis Zavos said when reporting his plans of helping infertile couples have children with the method of human cloning.Additionally, in 2001 (9 manifest) Severino Antinori and his partner, U.S. scientist Panayiotis Zavos, say they plan to take away out the first operation in an unidentified Mediterranean country, starting in October.15It is my strong belief that since scientists are denied official research and experimenting, the only thing left for them to do is to conduct undercover research in secret laboratories maybe under the human race or even in the open sea.At the time when all this starts taking place, the UK government decides to ban human cloning and the US House of Representatives calls for a total ban on human cloning. Therefore those scientists researching are considered to be illegal. The USA government spends $3 billion on human embryotic stem cell and genetic research this amount of money was spent in 2004. Six years later, the same Government, under the presidency of Barack Obama, spends even more on the same project. How is it possible for a total ban to take place when the same government spends so much on research? In March 2005 the UN Declaration on Human Cloning calls for countries to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life.16Returning to the issue mentioned in this section, we are not in a position to know at the time how many human clones exist, as they cannot be distinguished either by their socialization abilities or by their color or appearance. H owever, it is more than certain that human clones live among us. Clonaid, a company advertise in the net as being the worlds leading provider of reproductive human cloning services17, claims to have tried human cloning many times successfully. Eve, the first cloned baby, was born Dec. 26, 2002, thanks to our team of highly skilled scientists. Since then, weve been able to help a number of patients have their own children through our cloning technology.18This company was founded by a member of a religious group called Rael believing that human life was created by DNA brought to earth by an strange race19and that Christs resurrection is not true because Christ did not truly rise, but people were seeing his clone. Clonaid claims to have a lot of customers on waiting list. They are from everywhere. Of the 20 of them I think there are six or seven who are infertile couples, 11 who are parents of a lost child. And there are two single women, one lesbian couple and one homosexual male.20 What a scientist needs in order to perform human cloning is someone who will fund the project, a person who will give his consent in being cloned and a woman who will approve to carry the cloned embryo. Needless to say, that some of these roles can be easily played by the same person.Now that human cloning has been introduced officially to society, researchers readiness consider cloning scientists and politicians that had changed the world once, to change it once more. But will this be effective? Most probably not, since people of the past will not be brought up in the same environment, as the one of the past. If Hitler was cloned, we can be more than sure that he would not develop the same traits.I think that although Clonaid might not be telling the truth since there is not any proof that clones have already been produced, this is a good opportunity to think that people can reach their limits. At desperate times, desperate measures are called for and producing clones may be a mea sure needed. People not only reach their limits but exceed them forgetting any costs. Even ethical onesAdvantages of human cloningWe cannot ignore the fact that genetically identical twins are produced naturally some times. Although not perfect copies of each other, they share the same genes. Therefore Mother Nature has its own way of cloning.To begin with, everyone has the right to have children but unfortunately sterility problems keep rising nowadays due to various factors. According to scientists, this is where human cloning techniques come to assist. Most infertility treatments right now have a 30% failure but human cloning has more possibilities. Also human cloning proposes that instead of using donated sperm and eggs where needed, our own genetic material can be used to create a clone of ourselves. In addition, human cloning technology will be less time consuming than the existing IVF infertility treatment. At the time, most governments are not keen on giving the green light to scientists to conduct research for the reasons already explained.Another argument in favour of human cloning is that if scientists manage to combine stem cells treatment with human cloning technology, serious conditions, such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, heart failure and others, may become curable.Human cloning technology can reverse the ageing process, resulting in rejuvenation. Therefore, it can be used for ornamental surgery, avoiding silicone implants, as well as for replacing face tissue, after terrible accidents, instead of plastic surgery, again avoiding silicone implants which are foreign substances come in our bodies. Parts of the body can also be manufactured using human cloning technology.Heart attack victims can be decreased by using human cloning to clone healthy heart cells and inject them to the damaged ones.Cloning technology might help researchers learn how to turn on and off the function of our cells. In this way, many severe types of cancers c an be cured. Leukaemia, a type of cancer is already curable by using embryonic stem cells. Also Downs syndrome risk for women, can be avoided by this technology Another really important argument is that parents will be able to clone their dying child or an already dead child in order to have another child with the same genetic characteristics to the one dead.Quadriplegics will have an opportunity to walk again, but this will require extensive research in order for scientists to learn how to grow nerve cells on the spinal anaesthesia cord.Disadvantages of human cloningHuman cloning is a technology created to help people, and as every innovative invention has its serious drawbacks.To begin with, religion has a negative and crucial impact on cloning for all the reasons already mentioned. It is also said, although uncertain, that cloning implies loss of human dignity and personality. Another reason against human cloning is the one of the diversity of genes. Cloning technology produces i dentical copies of humans, therefore genes are also copied and not mixed, as should be the case in an embryo ( half maternal chromosomes and half paternal ). This property of reproduction where the child has half traits from the mother and half from the father enhances gene diversity. Through cloning gene diversity is impossible, for the time being, at least. This means that the clone will have only the traits of the person it comes from, with the prerequisite that it is brought up in the same environment.One outrage that is not yet researched and observed is the possible risk of mutated genes (genes with altered DNA sequence) or cells of the human clones. Some mutations may not be spotted and cause abnormalities to the fetus.There is also the possibility that people might see cloning as a solution of raising their beloved dead relatives and friends and we must not exclude the risk of new illnesses, jeopardizing peoples lives.Another argument is that of risking the emotional state of the clone. The mother will bring her identical twin up and perhaps also give birth to it and will see herself in this twin. The clone on the other hand, will have serious problems growing up as a young girl, problems of who she is and what her identity is. This will cause unnecessary stress and emotional pressure, as well as change in behavior. Incest problems may also arise, as the father of the clone may fall in love with his teenage daughter, who is exactly the same with his wife when she was at the same age. Will this be accepted in a future society? Will this actually be something absolutely normal for future families? Will family bonds remain intact? Will clones be considered as intruders and outcasts in our society? Reproductive cloning would have an adverse impact on the social definition of family21Will clones have autonomy or will they be in the mercy of their so called owner? Will the clone be considered to be an individual? Some would-be parents may use cloning and ge netic engineering in ways that violate the autonomy of their future child and, more generally, in ways that constitute abuse.22If one wants to clone him/herself again will the consent of the existing clone be needed? Security systems should also upgrade their technology, as fingerprints will be the same between clones, insurance companies must adapt their policies accordingly, as well as the whole legal system should change radically. Clones will share the same fingerprints and any biometric examination will not be able to distinguish who is who. This may be an opportunity for criminals to clone themselves many times and therefore trick the legal system. Will there be a restriction to how many times one can clone himself?Last but not least, is the issue of technological abuse. Human cloning is a very powerful technology that can have devastating effects, if in the wrong hands. As bioethicist Arthur Caplan stated If youre going to make babies in new and unusual ways, then you have to protect the kids interests, and theyre not protected if all youre listening to is what the paying customer wants23. Our world is full of promising leading who are fond of using this technology to cause harm. As this has already happened in the past with many newly found technologies, such as Einsteins nuclear energy, that are used in the wrong way, with the result to have caused nothing but harm. These leaders may abuse this technology to produce slaves according to the nations needs.24 inductionHaving considered and analyzed almost every possible parameter, use and misuse of human cloning, I will try to answer the research question by decrypt the main points of each section above.To begin with, religion plays a most vital role, as it influences most people in the USA. It is a restraining factor to the hike up development of human cloning technology, as scientists are accused of taking initiatives that only God is allowed to. Even though I respect all religions, I truly believe that there should be more flexibility concerning such delicate issues. Religion, in my opinion, sets limits and borderlines to scientists, preventing them from making considerable progress. These limits should not exist to such a degree.As far as politicians are concerned, I believe that their opinion does not really matter, as it is an opinion only to make their constituents happy. There might be politicians that although with a positive view over human cloning, they are obliged to show a negative face to the media concerning this issue and vice versa. As President Barack Obama said in 2009 We will ensure that our government never opens the door to the use of cloning for human reproduction. It is dangerous, profoundly wrong, and has no place in our society, or any society.25It is my strong belief that a cloned human should be treated as a human being, because it is one. Individuality, personality and identity are traits that are common to every human being therefore clones should h ave the same rights with us. The IVF method had the same arguments, and now has become common practice. I am not suggesting that human cloning becomes a commodity I am just demonstrating that people need time to understand certain developments, and during this time they become opponent to them. Hostility period and controversial arguments will however end sometime.Although there is deep unease and revulsion at the idea of cloning humans, there are almost no sound arguments as to why this violates our basic moral principles science society26I respect the fact that human cloning has some severe drawbacks, however one must always bear in mind that every technological advance has minor or major problems. People should place advantages and disadvantages in the balance and decide for themselves and according to their opinion whether they should be cloned or not.It is more than clear that my opinion lies positively on the issue of human cloning. By taking all the above into consideration , I strongly believe that human cloning technology should be legalized.

Teenage pregnancy in Lagos Island

immaturedage pregnancy in Lagos IslandAlthough, jejune pregnancy could be unplanned as intumesce as accidental. It usually occurs within the stage setting of early marriage and likewise as a result of societal change of which the value system and virginity at marriage ar no hour abundant upheld. Certain problems ar associated with adolescent pregnancy such as economic, psychological, socio-cultural and others.It is no longer a diplomatic statement that new-fangled people in the make it decade, especially within the age group of 10-18 years, atomic number 18 living beyond the yard sticks of adventures compared to the youths of the 90s. A blend of unpredictable, news breaking activities and issues of topmost engross has uprise in the last few years. One of the most striking facts is the rising number of teenage pregnancy. puerileage pregnancy is a result of familiar recounting between unripened girls and boys who are in their growing years, exploring the changes ha ppening in their bodies by having unsafe sex with each other. wellness organizations crossways the world are still in the frontlines of reducing maternal deaths due to complications and diseases. But even now, however, they take aim to a greater extent to do with the increasing number of teenage pregnancy. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009)Bearing a pincer while still in childhood themselves, these young mothers downstairs the age of 20 are prone to birth injuries and maternal death. It likewise affects their horny well being Teenage mothers are 3 times more likely to suffer from post-natal depression and buzz off poor mental health for up to 3 years after the birth. Children born to teenage mothers have 60% higher stations of infant mortality and are at increased risk of infection of low birth-weight which impacts on the childs long-term health. Further more, they are at increased risk to be brought up in poverty. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009)Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenaged or underaged girl (usually within the ages of 13-19) becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to women who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant.Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are extra medical concerns for younger mothers, recessicularly those under 15 and those living in develop countries.( whitethornor S 2004) For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but redundant risks whitethorn be associated with socioeconomic factors.( Makinson C. 1985)Data supporting teenage pregnancy as a affectionate issue in developed countries take bring down educational levels, higher place of poverty, and other poorer life offsprings in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a complaisant stigma in many communities and cultures. For these reasons, there have been many studies and campaigns which attempt to uncover the causes and limit the numbers of teenage pregnancies.(The National Campaign to Prevent Teen maternal quality 2002). In other countries and cultures, particularly in the developing world, teenage pregnancy is usually within marriage and does not involve a complaisant stigma. (Population Council 2006)1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt is very rampant in our society where there is an increase in the reported cases of teenager pregnancy. This ugly incident has created huge concern for the society especially to determine if the concern would have good future as well as their children. Again, the health implications of these children is another issue of worry.Causes of Teenage PregnancyIn the developed world, the causes of teenage pregnancy is different in the sense that it is mostly outside marriage and carries lots of social stigma. Thus, childlike inner behaviour is one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. I n our world today, having sex before 20yrs is the in thing, it is even the normal all over the world and this brought close to high levels of adolescent pregnancy which creates sexual relationship among teenagers without the provision of comprehensive information about sex. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007)The in-take of drugs, alcohol etc contributes a lot to teenage pregnancy meanwhile as a teenager you whitethorn not be ready for sexual intercourse at that moment but being intoxicated with drugs and alcohol makes you to be obscure in unintended sexual activity just because sex at that time is less emotionally painful and embarrassing. To avoid this, eradicate anything alcohol or drugs. Furthermore, sexual abuse is also one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. Rape as a sexual abuse has more effect in the life of our teenage girls causing unwanted sex and teenage pregnancy. Age discrepancies also causes teenage pregnancy in the sense that a teenage girl with a retainer much older than herself is more likely to get pregnant more often than a girl that have a partner of a closelipped age, as she prefers having the children than abortion since she is not educated enough to use contraceptives. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007)Childhood environmentWomen exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of ominous childhood loves. According to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The investigateers note that family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond. When the family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, negative psychosocial consequence s.( Tamkins, T. 2004)Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on EducationalTeenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their discover negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The tie beam of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high preponderance of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers. Assessing the independent effect of teenage pregnancy on educational disabilities and educational problems in a total world of children who entered kindergarten in Florida in 1992-1994 and investigate how tyrannical for potentially at odds(p) factors affects the relation between teenage pregnancies and poor outcome. When no other factors are taken into account, children of teenage mothers have signifi tummytly higher betting odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, mari tal status, poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effects disappear and even some protective effects are observed. Hence, the increased risk for educational problems and disabilities among children of teenage mothers is attributed not to the effect of young age but to the confounding influences of associated socio-demographic factors. In contrast to teen age, older maternal age has an adverse effect on a childs educational outcome regardless of whether other factors are controlled for or not. (Ralitza V. Gueorguieva 2001)Preventing Teen PregnancyIt has been found that teens who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to experience a pregnancy. Good communication between parents and their children is the key to ensuring children make the right decisions when it comes to their sexual activity. (Pregnancy info 2009)Evidence from areas with the largest reductions has identified a range of factors that need to be in place to successfully reduce teena ge pregnancy rates. These factors include a well-publicised contraceptive and sexual health advice gain which is centred on young people. The service needs to have a strong remit to undertake health promotion work, as well as delivering reactive services. It is key to prioritize sexual and reproductive health education at schools, supported from the local authority to develop comprehensive programmes of sex and relationships education (SRE) in all schools. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009)Education is also vitally important in helping youth know about their options when it comes to sex. belief teens about using contraception each and every time they have sex is imperative to healthy sexual relationships.Abstinence should also be taught along with contraception so that youth understand they have the right to choose. Teaching teens that it is okay to say no to sex until they are ready get out help to curb the numbers of teen pregnancies. (Pregnancy info 2009)The Challenges of Early Motherhood cladding an unplanned teen pregnancy can be hard. The effects of teenage pregnancy are not limited to having to decide whether or not to turn back the baby, how to cope with motherhood or whether to make an adoption plan. One of the most immediate effects of teen pregnancy is how the growing baby changes a teenagers clay as well as their lifestyle. Because a teens body immediately begins the process of carrying a child and preparing for childbirth, a teenager needs to consider the effect that her natural activities may have on her developing baby. A variety of activities common to teens may have a negative effect on a developing baby Drinking alcoholic beverages, Smoking cigarettes or marijuana, Lack of sleep and Unhealthy eating patterns. (Pregnancy center.orgOther physical changes that take place as her uterus expands may impact things as simple as clothing choices or her ability to safely participate in sports. This means that an average teenage girl will need to sp eak with her doctor about what activities need to be limited during her pregnancy as well as what changes she might need to make to her diet. delirious Effects of Teen Pregnancy (Pregnancy center.org)Dealing with an unplanned pregnancy can be scary and confusing. Some of the emotions that teen may encounter when facing an unplanned pregnancy are Initial excitement, Confusion, Fear, Resentment and Frustration. Its a natural response for you to think about and want to protect the baby that is growing inside you. It is also natural for you to be scared and confused about how to deal with this unplanned pregnancy. (Pregnancy center.org)Teenage mothers in industrialize countries mostly lack a proper social network consisting of family, friends and elder women which is usually present in developing countries. Besides, there are many social pressures on them. The main pressure on young pregnant women is, of course, to come to a decision about the unborn child, considering the options of k eeping the child, adoption and abortion.Other pressures are education and money. For one, young teenage women in industrialized countries are generally expected to get educated and watch work. This becomes almost impossible when having a baby without a strong social network. Then, there often are financial pressures, since the lack of education often leads to unemployment or the dependency on low paid jobs or welfare. (Martin Bohn 2009)Risks for Teenage Mothers and their ChildAs a result, teenage pregnancy may lead to various problems for both the mother and the child. According to a student fact sheet of the Australian organization Womens Health Queensland Wide, teenage mothers and their children may face some of the following risksThere are significantly higher complication rates both during pregnancy and delivery for teenage mothers and their babies, such as an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, having a baby of low birth weight, birth defects and other complication s.Children born to teenage mothers are statistically more vulnerable to neglect and abuse. This is due to a range of factors including poverty, parenting inexperience and being in an unhealthy relationship (for example when there is a occurrence of domestic violence).Teenage Pregnancies and the Disintegration of Families (Martin Bohn (2009)Teenage pregnancies contribute to the disintegration of the family as a social institution. Most teen mothers are single mums. This is either because the child was conceived outside of a relationship or because the pregnancy places a great deal of strain on young relationships which are usually not as stable and enduring as adult relationships. Consequently, 60% of young Australian mothers do not have a male partner when their baby is born, as mentioned in a student fact sheet on teenage pregnancy by the Australian based Womens Health Queensland Wide Inc.A essential question relates to whether the adverse outcomes experienced by (some) mothers an d children of teenage pregnancies are causally related to the age of the mother, or whether there are other factors which lead to the adverse outcomes experienced by teenage mothers and their children. Several studies have found that teenage pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and baby. These include low birthweight, prematurity, increased perinatal and infant mortality and poorer long-term cognitive development and educational achievement for both mother and child. (Fraser AM, Brockert JE and Fergusson DM, 1995)However, studies which have aimed to address the underlying causes of these adverse outcomes-by controlling for additional factors-have produced conflicting results. Some suggest that adverse outcomes remain even after controlling for maternal socioeconomic position and other confounding factors, (Fraser AM, Brockert JE 1995) some find that age has no effect, (Gueorguieva RV, Lee MC 2001) whereas other studies report that once maternal socioeconomic position and smoking are taken into account young age is actually associated with better outcomes. (Reichman NE and Geronimus AT 1997)These contradictory findings probably reflect the small size of some studies, residual confounding, and the difficulty of separating effects that may be related to maternal age from effects that are appropriately regarded as confounding. For example, poor parenting skills may reflect the ignorance of young age but may also occur at any age among women who have restricted access to information and education. Larger studies and those employing methods specifically designed to adequately control for confounding factors (for example using sibling comparisons) (Geronimus AT 1992) suggest that young age is not an important determinant of pregnancy outcome or of the future health of the mother. (Gueorguieva RV, Scholl TO 2001) A recent systematic review of the medical consequences of teenage pregnancy concluded that Critical appraisal suggested that increas ed risks of these outcomes (anaemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birthweight, prematurity, intra-uterine growth retardation and neonatal mortality) were predominantly caused by the social, economic, and behavioural factors that predispose some young women to pregnancy.(Cunnington A. 2001) Moreover, Cunnington asserts from this review that most teenage pregnancies are low risk-a point which is omitted from much research and from form _or_ system of government documents and statementsTeenage Mothers and EducationTeenage mothers are often unwilling or unable to complete their education. This lack of education can result in long term unemployment or low paid, insecure jobs. Being dependent on welfare or on a poorly paid job can place teenage mothers under greater financial pressure, even more so when they are single mums and have no supporting network of family and friends.Finally, teenage mothers are often alienated from their peers and family because their new life is either disapproved of or cannot be related to by family and friends.In developing country like Nigeria teenage mothers are sometimes married and have a broad support system. However, malnutrition, poor health care and complications of childbirth significantly increase the mortality rate of these young women.Lagos State Government InterventionThe Lagos State has also set up youth friendly centers to provide adolescents accurate and confidential counseling on sex related matters. These include youth development programmes to educate youths both male and female on the danger involve in premarital sexual and early sexual intercourse (VOA News).In addition, efforts is from the youth counselor of the Lagos State Ministry of Health, Christiana Ladapo, who leads candid after-school discussions about sex, peer pressure, abstinence and contraceptives. She says teenage pregnancy has been on the rise because society has ignored the problem.However, Pinkdove in collaboration with the Lagos State Minist ry of Education recently organized an enlightenment campaign with the theme The Effects of Early Sex, Teen Pregnancy for Senior Secondary School Female Students in Lagos state narrative OF LAGOSLagos State is an administrative region of Nigeria, located in the southwestern part of the country. The smallest of Nigerias states, Lagos State is the second most populous state after Kano State, (wikipedia) and arguably the most economically important state of the country,(Answer dictionary) containing Lagos, the nations largest urban area.Lagos State was created on May 27, 1967 by virtue of State (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Decree No. 14 of 1967, which restructured Nigerias Federation into 12 states. Prior to this, Lagos Municipality had been administered by the federal official Government through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs as the regional authority, while the Lagos City Council (LCC) governed the City of Lagos. Equally, the metropolitan areas (Colony Province) of Ik eja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry were administered by the Western Region. The State took off as an administrative entity on April 11, 1968 with Lagos Island servicing the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital. However, with the creation of the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja in 1976, Lagos ceased to be the capital of the State which was move to Ikeja. Equally, with the formal relocation of the seat of the Federal Government to Abuja on 12 December 1991, Lagos Island ceased to be Nigerias political capital. Nevertheless, Lagos remains the center of commerce for the country.HISTORY OF LAGOS ISLAND LOCAL GOVERNMENTLagos Island is the principal and central local government area of the Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria. It is part of the Lagos Division. As of the preliminary 2006 Nigerian census, the LGA had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8.7 km. The LGA only covers the western half of Lagos Island the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of the LGA of Et i-Osa.Lying in Lagos Lagoon, a large protected harbour on the coast of Africa, the island was home to the Yoruba fishing village of Eko, which grew into the modern city of Lagos. The city has now spread out to cover the neighbouring islands as well as the adjoining mainland.Lagos Island is connected to the mainland by three large bridges which cross Lagos Lagoon to the territory of Ebute Metta. It is also linked to the neighbouring island of Ikoyi and to Victoria Island. The Lagos harbour district of Apapa faces the western side of the island. Forming the main commercial district of Lagos, Lagos Island plays host to the main government buildings, shops and offices. The Catholic and Anglican Cathedrals as well as the Central Mosque are located here.Historically, Lagos Island (Isaleko) was home to the Brazilian Quarter of Lagos where the absolute majority of the slave trade returnees from Brazil settled. Many families lived on Broad Street in the Marina.It also revealed that majori ty (83.8%) and (70%) of the respondents were staying with their parents and there parents were staying together. This is in contradiction (Ellis, Bruce J. et al) Studies that girls whose fathers left the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancyFrom the study it was also revealed that many of the respondents parents who were working are in the low class status about (25%) were unemployed. This is in accordance with a study by (Besharov, Douglas J. Gardiner) Poverty is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy.It was obvious from the study that majority were not aware of any form of contraceptives, but this was in disagreement with the study made in the joined States in 2002 by National Surveys of Family Growth, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than those of other ages to use contraceptives.Revelation from this research shows that (35.7%) were impregnated by boy friends w hile (13.3%) were raped. This flows with some studies that between 11 and 20 percent of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape, while about 60 percent of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. One in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with themMajority of the respondents had their sex experience before the age of 15. This supports Guttmacher Institute findings that 60 percent of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior. remainderIt is quite glaring that teenage pregnancy have many consequences on the society. Teenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers the imp act on youth development in our society is negative

Traiffic school :: essays research papers fc

Trojan HorsesA numerous do of people depend on utilize remote access tools each day weather its to monitor other computers, Help people in large classes that bottom of the inningt get personal assistance, or even yet for chatting with them. every(prenominal) day a back door utility, otherwise known as the Trojan horse, infects hundreds if not even thousands of people everyplace the Internet causing micro annoyances to major destruction of a computer.Trojans ar very helpful utilities usually installed on computers networked on a server. With this installed the administrator can do a considerable variety of commands on the other computer such as accessing agitates, looking at the screen, control the mouse, change the system bios and dance bandtings, log keys, and just about anything the other user can do. Many of these utilities are free and can be found on the Internet but if you inadequacy one the more advance(a) and better quality you can purchase them. Big companies or places with several networked computers mostly purchase these products. Although this may seem corresponding a really heavy(p) idea there is also a dark malicious side to it.These remote administrative utilities nonplus mutated into Backdoor Trojan horses and have cause an enormous amount of damage. These programs are considered viruses my almost every anti virus there is. When a computer is infected the administrator can just about do anything he want to the infected computer. Many of these people call them selfs hackers when in fact an 8-year- doddery kid can come upon how to use these types of programs in a matter of minutes or hours. How can a kid as young as 8 years old learn this kind of technology you might be wondering. Well its very simple and it goes like this.First the hacker has to download the program off the Internet. at one time that is accomplished there are a few things you have to do before you can use it. In most Trojan applications it comes with a inst itutionalize called a server siren is the file that actually infect your computer and an Edit server file with is used to set up the settings of the server. The first shout is to change the name of the file to something else like Mypic.jpg exe so the person downloading the file wont suspect anything if you tell them its a picture. The next step is to set up how the IP (Internet Protocol) shout out is going to be delivered to you once the file has been executed.Traiffic school essays research papers fcTrojan HorsesA numerous amount of people depend on using remote access tools every day weather its to monitor other computers, Help people in large classes that cant get personal assistance, or even just for chatting with them. Every day a back door utility, otherwise known as the Trojan horse, infects hundreds if not even thousands of people over the Internet causing little annoyances to major destruction of a computer.Trojans are very helpful utilities usually installed on comp uters networked on a server. With this installed the administrator can do a wide variety of commands on the other computer such as accessing files, looking at the screen, control the mouse, change the system bios and settings, log keys, and just about anything the other user can do. Many of these utilities are free and can be found on the Internet but if you want one the more sophisticated and better quality you can purchase them. Big companies or places with several networked computers mostly purchase these products. Although this may seem like a really great idea there is also a dark malicious side to it.These remote administrative utilities have mutated into Backdoor Trojan horses and have cause an enormous amount of damage. These programs are considered viruses my almost every anti virus there is. When a computer is infected the administrator can just about do anything he want to the infected computer. Many of these people call them selfs hackers when in fact an 8-year-old kid c an learn how to use these types of programs in a matter of minutes or hours. How can a kid as young as 8 years old learn this kind of technology you might be wondering. Well its very simple and it goes like this.First the hacker has to download the program off the Internet. Once that is accomplished there are a few things you have to do before you can use it. In most Trojan applications it comes with a file called a server witch is the file that actually infect your computer and an Edit server file with is used to set up the settings of the server. The first step is to change the name of the file to something else like Mypic.jpg exe so the person downloading the file wont suspect anything if you tell them its a picture. The next step is to set up how the IP (Internet Protocol) address is going to be delivered to you once the file has been executed.

Twitter: The Dangerous Effects of Social Networking Essay -- national

In our society, social networking has become very popular over the last 5 years. chirp is a social networking site that allows users to become followers of other people and stay informed about current events and social trends. Many advocate whether or not these social websites such as Twitter, are sober for society. In two articles about Twitter, the authors present different arguments about why Twitter is good or bad for society. The author of Heading off disaster, matchless Tweet at a time by Jim Spellman, states that Twitter is a good way of communicating current events happening around the world. The other article, Is Twitter Bad for National Security? by Tony Bradley, argues that Twitter could have dangerous effects on our nations security.Social networking potbelly be a good tool when communicating world news, such as natural disasters, because it can communicate faster that a news broadcast can. In the article by Spellman, he states that when FEMA chief Craig Fugat e was made aware of an explosion in California, Fugate express that I got out my little Android phone and went on Twitter and pulled up the grid to search for explosion and got tweets coming out of the area. After a a couple of(prenominal) minutes of reviewing Tweets on Twitter, Fugate realized that the explosion was localized to one community and was very severe (Spellman). Fugate then states, I got better situational awareness from Twitter before we got formalized word, he said. Four or five years ago I wouldnt have gotten that quality of information (Spellman). This information can then be speedily relayed to first responders en route to the incident so they can be better prepared for the conditions. This can also aid with the fall of response times and assis... ...what does matter is what people do with Twitter. The government should be aware of what Federal employees are posting, and avoid any breaches of security. With the internet within blazonry reach, it seems l ike every household in America has at least one computer that has internet access and with more and more people getting smart phones, Twitter is just a click away and this makes it ideal as a tool to inform the public about disasters or to wee information about what is going on in the country.Works CitedBradley, Tony. Is Twitter Bad for National Security? 15 Feb 2009. Web. 3 Oct 2010. Spellman, Jim. Heading off disaster, one tweet at a time. 22 Sept 2010. Web. 3 Oct 2010.