Essay on Steroids in Baseball - 2587 Words

Hall of Shame Baseball has always been known as â€Å"America’s Favorite Pastime†. Over the past decade, the game America knows and loves has been exposed as a game full of cheaters. Major League Baseball(MLB) has had over one hundred players test positive for performance-enhancing substances over the past fifteen years. Performance-enhancing substances increase a player’s ability to produce better stats to help his salary. The past fifteen years of baseball have contained dirty play by some of the best players to ever play the sport. Kids all over America look at these athletes as role models. The money hungry players proceed to send a terrible message to fans of the game by taking drugs to succeed. After commissioner Bud Selig cracked down†¦show more content†¦Because steroids were not deemed illegal in baseball until 2005, players like Clemens and Bonds felt like they were not breaking any rules or regulations. Although they may not have broken MLB ru les, they broke the spirits of baseball fans all over the country. Over the past fifteen years, the players have thrown their morals away at the first sight of a $. Without thinking about the kids who one day want to slug seventy homers in a season, major league players have set an example by saying â€Å"Well, I guess it’s ok to cheat to be rich and famous.† Millions of little leaguers all over the world look up to these athletes. Look at the message that is being sent to the kids when their role model is injecting steroids just to be good at a game, how far must it go? Steroids are not only unfair to the fans of the game, but also the other players in the league. It is not fair to the players who play the game fair currently or to the retired players whose reputations are comparable to those of the players who took shortcuts to succeed. The fair players should not be referred to as â€Å"Pretty good for not taking steroids† to label their caliber. Steroids hav e ruined the credibility of many great talents in the game of baseball and need to be eliminated. Over the past decade, Major League Baseball has seen a dark period now known as â€Å"The Steroids Era†. From 1994 to 2006, 115 MLB players were linked to steroids or other performanceShow MoreRelatedBaseball and Steroids741 Words   |  3 PagesConfirmation/Argument Despite steroids having multiple negative effects on both athletes and the game of baseball, they also have good effects too. The first positive effect that steroids’ provide would be the fact that steroids help speed up recovery time. When a person is heavily stressed Cortisol is produced to help the body and mind handle the stress. However, because cortisol is so strong; in the process of trying to relieve stress it also damages muscle tissue and slows down the time it takesRead More steroids in Baseball Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pages Steroids in Baseball: The Future of Baseball nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It was a warm, sultry night in September. The fans were crazed in anticipation as Mark McGwire stepped to the plate. With a gentle stretch, he paused, patiently poised, waiting for what would eventually be the greatest hit baseball had ever seen. The pitcher, Steve Trachsel, came set. He shot a determined look to the dirt. In a rivalry such as this (Cubs, Cardinals) he did not want to be the one to give up the great numberRead MoreSteroids Abuse in Baseball1746 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of Americas Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behavior orRead MoreSteroids : The Corruption Of Baseball1287 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids: The Corruption of Baseball Steroids changed the game of baseball for an era by transforming the game from defensively oriented mindsets to who could offensively â€Å"out-slug† one another. Steroids have changed the game of baseball due to the fact that it makes you stronger and the players that use it can hit the ball a lot further than others. Steroids are performance enhancing drugs most commonly used by athletes or bodybuilders so that they can gain more muscle quickly and easily to haveRead More Steroids in Baseball Essay878 Words   |  4 Pages Anabolic and androgenic steroids come in many different forms. The most popular form is a pill and is easy to take. The draw back of the pill is it is hard on the liver and kidneys because it passes through the system in a couple of hours. Another popular form is cream. The cream’s advantage is it is easy to apply and is less harmful to the body. The draw back is it is very ineffective. The last form is injection. Injecting straight into the muscle gives the best results. Most serious athletes thatRead MoreSteroids in Professional Baseball2189 Words   |  9 Pagessurveyed that all the athletes in baseball that were tested for steroids and shown positive should have been banned from the game. In the year 2005 it was discovered that two out of three people agreed with banning the players who made it to the Hall of Fame but tested positive for steroids. Most if not all people consider this action cheating and frown upon its use. How could this be? In today’s readings of sports articles and papers, fans tend to think that steroids give other players an unfair advantageRead MoreEssay on Steroids in Baseball1012 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Steroids in Baseball† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Today in the United States, millions and millions of kids, teens, and adults watch and play in the sport of baseball. It is probably the number one sport looked upon and what is happening to it is a bit discouraging. Players have started â€Å"cheating† by using steroids to help them play stronger and better. They are in league where you have to be the best at what you do to play, and if your using drugs to cheat yourRead MoreSteroids in Professional Baseball Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesin Major League Baseball is the discussion of the use of steroids and human growth hormones. Both are completely illegal in the sport, and come with drastic consequences. One would think a fifty game suspension as a first offense would scare players away, but for some reason steroids in baseball is occurring more and more often to the disappointment of Major League Baseball. The reason players take steroids in the first place is to enhan ce their performance on the field. Steroids make players strongerRead MoreSteroids in Major League Baseball800 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in Major League Baseball Anabolic steroids have been abused by Major League Baseball players for years, it’s time to forever ban the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs before they ruin America’s past time. Why should athletes be able to cheat when teammates or rivals are competing with honest effort? Every year records are broken and new heights are achieved, the game of baseball is very simple yet very humble, and to deceive the game you love, forever will you be punished. Let me informRead MoreEssay on Use of Steroids in Baseball4327 Words   |  18 PagesUse of Steroids in Baseball Since Major League Baseball all-star Ken Caminiti openly admitted to Sports Illustrated to have used steroids during his career, steroid use as a muscle and performance enhancer has been uncovered and become a big issue Major League Baseball is wrestling with. The â€Å"ongoing and delicate subject, baseball’s dirty, little secret that is no secret anymore,† is a huge and growing problem (Curry B20). Now that light has been shed on the issue, critics are beginning to

How Do You Define What It Means - 1995 Words

How do you define what it means to be an American? What exactly does that entail? While there are many common themes in these definitions, every individual has a different view on what â€Å"Americanism† truly is. The infamous American gangster Al Capone once said â€Å"This American system of ours, call it Americanism, call it capitalism, call it what you will, gives each and every one of us a great opportunity if we only seize it with both hands and make the most of it.† Upon first reading this statement, I agreed with what he had said. American has always been a beacon of hope and the land of opportunities, but looking back at the events of our history, were those same opportunities available to every human being living on American soil? The simple answer to that questions is no. Looking back at this country’s past, it is fascinating to watch the face of America evolve and it will surely be interesting to see how the definition of what it means to be an Americ an changes in the future. The earlier days of this country proved to be a much different society. In the time period ranging from the 1870s to the 1920s, America’s economic and societal environments were constantly changing. Innovation and technology caused a great demand for workers in factories. While job opportunities were plentiful, they were not always well-paying jobs or fair working conditions. In these instances, workers had no reservations about going on strike to obtain what they wanted. One of the most well-knownShow MoreRelatedThe Main Types Of Point Of View878 Words   |  4 Pages1.Define the 3 main types of point of view. (3rd Person) Omniscient: Told from the p.o.v. of an outside narrator. 1st Person: This perspective is told from the p.o.v. of the main character. (3rd Person) Limited:This p.o.v. is a way of telling the story in which only the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of a character. 2. What does the Latin root word aud mean? The Latin root word aud means to â€Å"hear†. 3. Why is dialogue important to a story? The dialogue is important to a story becauseRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog807 Words   |  4 PagesDog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon 1.) How do we form and shape our identities? We form and shape our identities by experiences, hurt, love, guilt and various other emotions as well as things we see others going through, all of these things whether they be good or bad help form and shape our identities. 2.) How do we define who we are? We define who we are by our hobbies, our interests, by our likes and dislikes, by who we talk to and who we do not talk to, by the labels we give ourselvesRead MoreUnderstanding The Core Ideas Shaping And Directing Your Business Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesWhere do you see your business in five years from now? If the question caught you off-guard, your business might be missing a vital part of strategic planning: a vision statement. In order to know what your business needs to do, you must know where you want to go – you need a vision for the business. So, how to write a vision statement and what is it all about? In this guide, I’ll explain the concepts, the key strategies and provide you examples of the good, the bad and the downright ugly. 1 WhatRead MoreJean-Paul Sartre’s Philosophy: Radical Freedom and Responsibility 1253 Words   |  6 Pages This is what I mean when I say that man is condemned to be free† (Sartre 32). Radical freedom and responsibility is the central notion of Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy. However, Sartre himself raises objections about his philosophy, but he overcomes these obvious objections. In this paper I will argue that man creates their own essence through their choices and that our values and choices are important because they allow man to be free and create their own existence. I will first do this by explainingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter And Holds True Today890 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom others creating shame for their actions. When faced with a shame such as that, a person has two options: to let the shame consume them or to confront their mistakes and move past them. The idea that people have the power to choose how their decisions will define them holds true in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 19th century novel The Scarlet Letter and holds true today. The novel follows the story of Hester Prynne who commits an act of adultery with the minister of the town. Hester has a child and ultimatelyRead MoreRelationship Between Ownership And A Sense Of Self1334 Words   |  6 Pagesbut how does ownership relate to a sense and development of self? This question has been constantly answered for centuries through intelligent people like Plato, Aristotle, and Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the question has received no agreeable answer. In the end, people will agree that there is a strong and positive relationship between ownership and a sense of self because the things you own will define and develop who you are positively by exhibiting what you like, what you can and cannot do, andRead MoreWhat Does the Word Environment Really Means?697 Words   |  3 Pages Oá ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š. â€Å"I speak English. What is this foreign language you speak to me in?† These are the words you may expect to hear from an individual who does not understand t he importance of language, the importance of breaking down a word so that one can fully understand its meaning. The word presented is the Greek spelling for â€Å"Oikos.† The word is the ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house, or family. This word also serves as the English prefix eco- for ecology and economics. Understanding languageRead MoreCondemned Freedom: Sartre1417 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing the Vietnam War and his choice to be involved in discussing international politics Sartre said, â€Å"No matter what I write. I am always in contradiction with myself and with society. That is what being an intellectual means† (M. I. Kindred). The following essay will explain how a contradiction of himself weakens one of the philosopher’s most famous quotes. In examining Sartre’s idea of humans being â€Å"condemned to be free,† there will be logical faults. There will be contradictions withRead MoreMaya Angelous Phenomenal Woman769 Wo rds   |  4 Pageswants to show the world what makes her beautiful and expresses it in various ways. Women, now put themselves down because they do not think about their inner beauty, they only listen to what people may say about them. The message this poem sends out to the world of stereotype is empowerment comes from being confident in your own female skin. Beauty does not define a phenomenal woman. This poem represents the definition of a phenomenal woman because it helps women understand how it important it is toRead MoreDifference Between Ownership And A Sense Of Self1287 Words   |  6 Pagesin life, but how does ownership relate to a sense of self? This question has been constantly answered for centuries through intelligent people like Plato, Aristotle, and Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the question has received no agreeable answer. In the end, people will agree that there is a strong and positive relationship between ownership and a sense of self because the things you own will define and develop who you are positively by exhibiting what you like, what you can and cannot do, and in the

Music sampling Essay Example For Students

Music sampling Essay Sampling reconnects many listeners to past events and will allow future artists to be to develop new forms to express themselves by using preexisting ideas to create a new sound. For many years artist have been sampling music. Although many may question the definition of sampling music. When dealing with music, sampling is taking a certain portion of another artists music and using it in a different song. Sampling could be taking some of another artist sound recording or lyrics. In todays society majority of the music being played is sampled music from previous generations. Usually when a new artist samples old music it regenerates the song that they took the sample from. Sampling can also involve creative manipulations, such as changing the speed or pitch of the original sample. The genre Hip-Hop is one of todays popular genres which is made from sampling music. Music sampling began in the sasss and has been used till this day. The introduction of music sampling and hip-hop was a turning point in history leading into a powerful cultural and musical movement. Most of the music that is used for sampling came from Jazz music.. It wasnt until the sass and early ass that music sampling really blow up with hip-hop. Vinyl records and tape loops were used to sample music . The sampling was done by Des who had turntables. For more than fifty years music sampling has evolved, beginning with classical composers and is now moving through the hip-hop industry. Hip hop and rap has relied on the practice of sampling ever since, but youll find examples of sampling in other genres occasionally. But legal issues have largely stifled its widespread use. In todays society technology has extremely enhanced, although sampling is common it is connected to many legal issues, laws, and restrictions. Many may assume or say that music sampling is stealing because its not original and the artist sees someone elses piece without the consent of the original artist. People also disagree with music sampling because most artist does not give the proper recognition to the original artists. According to lawyer Michelle AIBO, even the smallest shred of anothers work can be infringement. This means that no matter how much of the piece you took a sample of if you did not get permission from the original artist or composer you are in violation of the law or right. A lot of people believe that music is suppose to be original and made your own. An artists music suppose to illustrate originality and creativity. They also believe that music sampling is the easy way out instead of taking the time to actually sit and develop a relatively creative piece witho ut the use of someone elses work or ideas. Money also plays a artists to be unique and use the samples they would like to. How to make money off of every single sample should not be the focus but more on how to create guidelines for sampling. Furthermore, help staying connected to the music and artist in the past. I dont see anything wrong with sampling music. I believe music sampling is unique and cool. The fact that an artist can take a piece of music from somewhere else and combine it with their own to make a hot record is simply amazing. Music sampling adds a lot of value to songs. Sampling resurrects older artists careers. As Noah Coachman argues, all kinds of artists have always borrowed and built on each others work, these corporations have outlawed an art form. Music sampling depicts a combination of new and old while staying authentic and artistic. It also reconnects a lot of listeners to events in the past, it may also bring back special memories, which is highly important when trying to bring in a wide variety of listeners and customers. Sampling adds a new dimension to the cloudy issue of borrowing within pop music, since the actual recordings of other artists can be used. Young adults like myself like to hear the popular music of today and sometimes even old school music, sampling is the perfect way to combine the two! Its a new vibe with an old school feel to it. Personally I enjoy listening to old school records from the late ass early ass , they tell good stories. Most hip-hop artist are telling a story in their music. I believe artist uses pieces from the past to get older listeners to und erstand he story that is being told in the song. Of course the younger generation would understand but would the older generation get a sense of understanding if the artist did not use pieces from the past? .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .postImageUrl , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:hover , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:visited , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:active { border:0!important; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:active , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music and Western Civilization EssayNot at all, in todays society most older adults believe all artist talk about nowadays is sex, money, and drugs especially if the record sounds unfamiliar to them. For example, when Kindlier Lamar came out with the song Swimming Pools my mother heard the chorus and automatically did not like the song because she couldnt relate, but once Kindlier Lamar came out with the Eng Poetic Justice she actually took the time out to listen to it because he used a sample from Janet Jackson song Anytime, Any place which is a song she listened to in her younger days. My mom actually listened to the lyrics and began to like the song. Sometimes it takes Just a little piece from the past for people to engage in the music of today. Music sampling would be a lot less controversial if it was regulated. It can be regulated by developing a legalized contract and discussing copyright permission from the owners, etc. Although artist dont intentionally mean to use samples and try o pass them off as their own, copyright owners still saw it as a problem and sued whomever it was that sampled the music. If music sampling was regulated properly there would be less commotion in the music industry. Regulating music sampling would be a big help because it would be fixed to where both the artists (the original artist the sampled artist) would get paid for the piece of music that sells in stores. Therefore both artist would get paid an equal amount of money and the original artist would receive proper recognition and compensation for the original piece. In conclusion music sampling still remains a controversial issue.

International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan

Introduction Global literature on accounting supplies evidence of the economic implications of accounting quality such as costs of capital (Leuz Verrecchia 2000) as well as international capital mobility (Guenther Young 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Land and Lang, the quality of accounting systems has improved significantly throughout the world since the 1990’s (2002). This improvement can be attributed to globalization and expectations of international accounting synchronization. Most countries are discovering the benefits that come with standardized accounting and financial reporting systems. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) refers to a collection of accounting standards established by an autonomous, non-profit body called the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (International Monetary Fund 2001). Kazakhstan joins the list of the countries that recently adopted the IFRS (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). Though Kazakhstan has had much success with the adoption, there have been significant hurdles in the process. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the adoption of IFRS by Kazakhstan and plans for IPSAS (International Public Sector Accounting Standards) set to be introduced in 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). To accomplish this goal, this essay is divided into several sections. The paper begins with a brief overview of the adoption of IFRS and the progress made so far in the adoption process. This is followed by an analysis of the adoption process of IFRS by Kazakhstan.Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This analysis is done by comparing the gains made so far, the obstacles encountered i n the adoption process as well as the prospects that may accrue due to the adoption. In the subsequent section, the paper analyzes the planned public sector accounting system reform in Kazakhstan. Overview of Adoption of IFRS IFRS are occasionally mistaken for their older versions IAS (International Accounting Standards). The worldwide implementation of IFRS is happening speedily to generate quality enhancement in accounting by establishing a standardized platform for financial reporting (Elliot Elliot 2011). This trend is due to the notion that the reporting system provides quality accounting and reporting system. However, the quality of accounting is largely dependent on a company’s general institutional background. These include the political and legal environment of the country where the company is located. Approximately one hundred and twenty countries sanction or compel the use of IFRS by public companies. Due to the upward trend witnessed in their application, a signi ficant increase in the number of countries that adopt IFRS is expected by 2015 (IASB 2011). Advocates of IFRS as an international standard for accounting argue that the price of executing IFRS can be countered with capacity for improved credit ratings offered by the international standards (Barth, Landsman Lang 2006). The body that oversees the formulation and adoption of IFRS is an autonomous accounting standard-setting organization that is centered in London and is known as IASB (IASB 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It started working in 2001 after succeeding the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). ISAB is mandated with formulating and updating IFRS to match current accounting expectations. Though the AICPA is an instituting member of the IASC, it is not connected to the IASB. The next issue to a ssess is the adoption of IFRS in various countries to establish the challenges they encounter as they attempt to integrate their national financial reporting systems with the relatively new IFRS. Looking at the challenges faced by major economies provides an indication of what to expect in developing economies. To guarantee the regularization of financial reporting, the accounting industries of individual countries implement GAAPs that oversee the presentation of financial information (Ding, Jeanjean Stolowy 2005). Consistent with IASB, the process of merging the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U. S. GAAP) and IFRS should have been completed by June 2011 (Elliot Elliot 2011). According to Miller and Becker, this convergence has been the collaborative efforts of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the IASB to upgrade IFRS and reduce the disparities between IFRS and U.S. GAAP (2010).Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They argue that standards of instruction on accounting and financial reporting have to be changed if this convergence is to be successful. If convergence faces these kinds of challenges in an established economy like the United States, who are among the countries that established IASB, how much more challenging can the adoption of IFRS be in a developing economy like Kazakhstan? This question is answered in the subsequent sections. The Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards by Kazakhstan IFRS were established in developed economies, but are gradually being adopted in developing economies possibly overlooking deliberations in the implications of adopting IFRS on economies like Kazakhstan. When a business functions within its national boundaries, the GAAP of that country is a suitable standard for financial reporting. However, owing to globalization of business, many multinational corporations experience difficulties in providing standardized information that correspo nds to the GAAP of one nation without breaching the GAAP of another (Ball 2001). To facilitate uniformity in financial reporting (in the international arena), IASB endorses the implementation of IFAS. Kazakhstan, a former constituent of the Soviet Union, has a fast-growing economy with a projected annual growth rate 7% in 2010 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). It has a robust service and manufacturing industry. Agriculture only supplies 5.4% of its per capita GDP, which is $12,800 US (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). According to Tyrrall, Woodward Rakhimbekova, Kazakhstan’s economic environment is very ideal for the adoption of IFRS, but the adoption process is expected to gain relevance gradually (2007). In accordance with the laws of Kazakhstan on financial reporting, the use of IFRS was to commence in financial institutions by 2003 while government institutions were to adopt these standards from 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007). Obstacles in Adoption of IFRS This unitary set of standards contained in IFRS resolves many difficulties in financial reporting while creating other challenges. In a developing country like Kazakhstan, the adoption of these standards faces many challenges. According to the IMF, translation of IFRS principles from English to Kazakh and Russian present the greatest challenge to the adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan (2004). IMF reports that there is no officially approved translation from English to Kazakh. In addition, though IFRS has been translated to Kazakh from English, new changes in IFRS are yet to be introduced in the translations. A USAID consultant with experience working in developing countries, Robert McGee, outlines the examples of challenges presented by the adoption of IFRS in developing countries (2006). McGee believes that since most developing countries possess a top-down approach in decision making, most governments in these countries a re likely to adopt these standards, but this does not mean the standards are going to be implemented. In this top-down approach to decision making, the government officials and business executives who ratify these reforms may have little or no knowledge of the implications of their application. McGee also considers the problem caused by difficulty in interpretation of IFRS into local languages (2006). Though there are numerous translators who can interpret English documents into local languages like Kazakh, there is a shortage of such translators with an in-depth understanding of Western accounting. Another major obstacle for IFRS involves the cost of execution. The accounting sector in every nation that embraces the standards has to cater for the cost of re-education and instruction on their principles (Miller Becker 2010). Companies are also required to dedicate time and funds to the re-education of staff. If universally applied and if companies are forced to abide by the require ments of IFRS, the adoption can present a burden of high cost to companies that only operate within national borders and who have no interest in international harmonization. The cost to these companies in adjusting to IFRS overshadows any gains they might expect. Prospects that may Accrue in the Adoption of IFRS by Kazakhstan An increasing number of firms in Kazakhstan are embracing International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS enables improved comparability and openness of financial reporting (Barth, Landsman Lang 2006). This comparability is important in guaranteeing the release of standardized financial information, which is compulsory for lessening information asymmetry and resolving agency predicaments in the commercial sector. Firms that apply uniform standards in the preparation of their financial statements are easily comparable. Standardization is particularly essential in the comparison of the performance of companies situated in different countries. This increase in comparability aids international investors in the decision-making process regarding where to put their money. Comparably, accounting diversity is an obstacle to international investment (Bradshaw, Bushe Miller 2004). Therefore eliminating cross-border diversities in accounting standards helps in accelerating international amalgamation of capital markets (Covrig, Defond Hung 2007). Bushman and Piotroski demonstrate that companies in nations with well-timed financial-statement detection of losses are not as prone to undertaking negative Net Present Value investments as those without these standards (2006). The improved transparency and loss detection timeliness guaranteed by IFRS can increase profitability by reducing agency costs. No agency is required since transparency ensures that company executives operate in the best interest of company shareholders. Public Sector Accounting System in Kazakhstan Public sector accounting is a technique of accounting used largely by non-profit b odies in the public sector whose profit margins are too low to allow for performance evaluation. There is a significant contrast between accounting in the private sector and public sector accounting. The core causes of this variance are in the setting of the accounting system. In the governmental setting, public sector bodies have diverse goals in contrast to their private counterparts whose main drive is profitability. Moreover, in public sector accounting, the government body has the obligation of financial answerability for the use of public funds in the budgetary environment. One strangeness of accounting in the public sector lies in the authority of the government in acquiring resources for the bodies (Jorge 2008). In ideal economics, all economic bodies are presumed to perform reasonably and on an even position on the market to increase profitability. However, the reality in the public sector is that a hierarchical arrangement occurs between the government and other government al bodies during the circulation of resources. The governments are tasked with the responsibility of collecting taxes and issuing currency. This permits the aggressive obtaining of resources by a government and reluctant surrender of resources by other bodies. The central governments have the power to issue money and oversee taxation and do not have any external supervision on their procurement of economic resources. Goods and services manufactured and delivered by economic bodies in the public sector are not exposed to the normal market procedure where prices are governed by supply and demand (Coombs Jenkins 2002). Therefore, there is a need for the enforcement of a standardized public system that ensures accountability of governments in the use of public resources. Accounting theory asserts that the fundamental rationale for financial reporting is to lessen information unevenness between company executives and parties contracting with their firms (Ball 2001). Financial reporting moderates information unevenness by releasing appropriate information in a timely manner (Frankel Li 2004). International accounting systems present an appealing platform for the examination of the economic outcomes of financial reporting. This is specifically important, considering the differences that exist in the quality of accounting across different countries. The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) concentrates on accounting, financial reporting, assessment requirements of government administrations and their agencies. IPSAB meets these requirements using a standard system for guidance, carrying out training, conducting research, and promoting a platform for sharing of information amongst professional accountants (Benston et al. 2006). These standards apply universally and offer uniformity for all nations irrespective of their economic status. Intended for use in formulating multi-purpose financial statements, the International Public Sector Accoun ting Standards establish the criteria for recognizing, measuring and disclosing transactions by governments, and tax remittance records. The objective of IPSAB is to establish universally applicable accounting standards for governments. This enables governments and public sector organizations to compare information and raise the level of transparency. In Kazakhstan, for example, application of these standards can aid in eliminating the fear of corruption that constantly plagues the country’s economy. This can improve investor confidence and in turn, improve the overall economy. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is expected to prepare and present public sector financial statements that conform to the accrual basis of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by the end of 2013 (International Monetary Fund 2004). Existing financial reporting procedures used in Kazakhstan are founded on several decrees delivered by the government. The proposal currently being contemplated is how to transition from this system of public financial reporting to IPSAS. The transition is instigated by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with contributions from the National Bank (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). The process of adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan began with its selection from various models that served as foundations of financial accounting (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007). The next stage in the introduction of internationally conforming accounting standards by the Kazakhstan government is the planned introduction of IPSAS, which is aimed at improving reliability and openness in financial reporting. The leadership of the government of Kazakhstan outlines the responsibility of the government in creating an open and consistent model for the management of state assets (Nazarbev 2008). The main targets of public sector accounting reform are formation of inclusive information on the functions and the condition of the public sector and ensuring open and uniform financial reporting. It also focuses on objective contemplation on information on assets, outcomes, and liabilities of public sector financial activity. The current public accounting system in Kazakhstan is founded on a cash model that does not allow for scrutiny of budget policy. This is ineffective since it does not provide room for measuring the impact of budget policy on the Kazakhstan economy. In the world today, there is increasing demand for transparency of public institutions and accountability of public officials (Covrig, Defond Hung 2007). This demand has seen national and international focus shift from management of costs to the management of results. In response, the Kazakhstan government has set up a three-year plan for the implementation of public accounting and financial reform. The chief benefit of accounting on the cash basis is that it can depict the flows of revenue expenses as well a s the capital flows for infrastructure creation (Jorge 2008). Cash-based accounting, therefore, presents a good system that favors decision making. The government is expected to complete the implementation of financial reporting systems in line with the standards stipulated by IPSAS by 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). These reforms are necessary since the cash-based budgetary accounting has several weaknesses. According to the Ministry of Finance, the current public accounting system is not founded on firm principles that can withstand the test of time (2010). The system used does not conform to international standards since not all public assets are incorporated in the financial statements. The cash method of accounting does not have provisions for distinct costs of operations of the government or lasting and dependent liabilities (International Monetary Fund 2001). A budget using this method can only be presented in three parts containing revenue, exp enditure and source of funds. It merely records cash flows in terms of inflows and outflows without balancing assets and liabilities. Given this state of affairs, it is essential to operate liabilities and assets accurately on a stock basis. In a country like Kazakhstan, the stock basis guarantees improved balance in sharing economic burdens by different generations. This is one reason why accounting and reporting of public assets and liabilities on an accrual basis is important. The desire of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to transition from cash accounting to accrual accounting can be explained by several reasons. One of the reasons is the need to have balanced accounts when requesting for international funding. Taxes are a principal source of funding for the government and ought to be acknowledged and evaluated as growth in taxpayers’ equity (Jorge 2008). When the government requires a loan from the international community, it is requested to produce a connec tion of its assets and liabilities. The planned transition by the Kazakhstan government to transition to IPSAS is expected to be overseen by professionals in the accounting sector (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). Incorporating the services of professionals in such an intricate process helps in laying strong foundations that can stand the test of time. For this purpose, the professionals need to have sufficient knowledge that corresponds to current international standards on IFRS and IPSAS. Conclusion Recent trends show that there is a steady spread of the application of IFRS throughout the world. Consequently, a time might come when there will be a global transition by all countries from their respective national systems of accounting to international systems. Irrespective of the international standard these countries choose to adopt, and this transition seems eminent. However, for any country, the process of transition from the national system is not smooth . It is even more difficult for developing countries such as Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, the adoption of IFRS depicts some of the difficulties that exist especially in translation and interpretation of the terminologies therein into local languages. The shortage of professionals and instructors is also depicted as a drawback in the adoption process. The adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan is even more problematic when the standards are to be applied by all companies (big or small). Some companies, especially those that operate within the national borders of Kazakhstan may not benefit from the uniformity and comparability offered by IFRS. The cost of transition to these new standards may be too high for small companies, and this might decelerate the overall economic growth of Kazakhstan’s economy. However, it is not all gloom concerning the adoption of IFRS standards in developing countries like Kazakhstan. Some of the benefits of comparability and transparency can encourage cross-b order investment. This can certainly be a big boost to the Kazakhstani economy. Application of international standards puts these companies on the international economic radar and makes it easy for investors to follow their progress and choose where to invest. The foundations laid by the Ministry of Finance for the transition to IPSAS based standards seem robust. The deadline set by the government for the adoption of IFRS by all institutions in Kazakhstan is gradually approaching. The concern that most economists and accountants have is whether the government will contemplate on the problems witnessed so far in the implementation process by the private sector so that the application of these standards in the public sector will be easier and less costly. References Ball, R 2001, ‘Infrastructure requirements for an economically efficient system of public financial reporting and disclosure,’ Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, vol. 2001 no. 1, pp. 127-169. Bart h, M, Landsman, W, Lang, M 2006, International accounting standards and accounting quality, Working Paper, Stanford University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Benston, G, Bromwich, M, Litan, E, Wagenhofer, A 2006, Worldwide financial reporting: the development and future of accounting standards, New York, Oxford University Press. Bradshaw, M, Bushee, B, Miller, G 2004, Accounting choice, home bias, and U.S. investment in non-U.S. firms. Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 42. no.5, pp. 795–841. Bushman, R., and J. Piotroski, 2006, ‘Financial reporting incentives for conservative accounting: the influence of legal and political institutions,’ Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 42. no. 1, pp. 107-148. Coombs, H, Jenkins, D 2002, Public sector financial management, London, Cengage Learning. Covrig, V, Defond, M, Hung, M 2007, ‘Home bias, foreign mutual fund holdings, and the voluntary adoption of international accounting standards ,’ Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 45. no.1, pp. 41–70. Ding, Y, Jeanjean, T, Stolowy, H 2005, ‘Why do national GAAP differ from IAS? The role of culture,’ The International Journal of Accounting, vol. 40. no. 4, pp. 325-350. Elliot, B, Elliot, J 2011, Financial accounting and reporting, Harlow, Pearson education. Frankel, R, Li, X 2004, ‘Characteristics of a firm’s information environment and the information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders,’ Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 37 no. 2, pp. 229-59. Guenther, D, Young, D 2002, ‘The association between financial accounting measures and real economic activity: a multinational study,’ Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 29. no.1, pp. 53-72. IASB 2011, Convergence between IFRSs and US GAAP. Web. International Monetary Fund 2001, Government finance statistics manual, Washington, International Monetary Fund. International Monetary Fund 2004, Republic of Kazakhstan–financial sector assessment program update–detailed assessments and updates of financial sector standards and codes, Washington, International Monetary Fund. Jorge, S 2008, Implementing reforms in public sector accounting, Coimbra, Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. Land, J, Lang, M 2002, ‘Empirical evidence on the evolution of international earnings,’ Accounting Review, vol. 77. no. 4, pp. 115-153. Leuz, C, Verrecchia, R 2000, ‘The economic consequences of increased disclosure,’ Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 38 no. 3, pp. 91-124. McGee, R 2006, ‘Adopting and implementing international financial reporting standards in transition economies,’ in G Gregirou M Gaber (eds), International accounting: standards, regulations, and financial reporting, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 201-223. Miller, W, Becker, A 2010, ‘Why are accounting professors hesitant to implement IFRS?’ The CPA Journal, vol. 80. no.8, pp. 63- 67. Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007, Law on accounting and financial reporting. Web. Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010, Official Report. Web. Nazarbev, N, A 2008, Address by the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the people of Kazakhstan: growth of welfare of Kazakhstan’s citizens is the primary goal of state policy. Web. References Tyrrall, D, Woodward, D, Rakhimbekova, A 2007, ‘The relevance of international financial reporting standards to a developing country: evidence from Kazakhstan,’ The International Journal of Accounting, vol. 42. no. 1, pp. 82-110. This essay on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan was written and submitted by user Ahmad Mann to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Death Of A Salesman Essays (2163 words) - English-language Films

Death Of A Salesman Short Plot In the beginning of the play, the main character, Willy Lowman, has just returned home after finding himself unable to concentrate on driving. His wife, Linda, suggests that he ask for a job in New York so that he won't have to drive so much. Willy insists, however, that it is vital to his company that he work in New England. Willy asks Linda about his son, Biff, who has just come home after being away for several years. He can't understand why Biff is unable to get a good job. Soon Willy begins thinking about when Biff was a senior in high school. He remembers how Biff was the star of the football team and how he was offered scholarships from several colleges. After Willy's daydream ends, Charley comes in to play cards with him. While they are playing cards Charley offers Willy a job, but Willy refuses. As they are talking, Willy's brother, Ben, appears to him in an illusion. Willy tries to talk to both of them at once and Charley can't understand. Willy and Charley get into an argument and Charley leaves. Willy then turns his attention to Ben and asks him how he became so successful. Ben tells Willy that he went into the jungle when he was seventeen and when he came out at twenty-one he was rich. After Biff overhears Willy talking to himself, he asks Linda what's wrong with him. Linda explains that Willy is exhausted and has even tried to kill himself. When Willy enters the scene, Happy tries to cheer him up by announcing that he and Biff are going to start their own sporting goods company. He tells Willy that Biff is going to see Bill Oliver in the morning and ask for a loan. Willy is optimistic and reminds Biff that the most important things in life are to be well-liked and to have personal attractiveness. The next day Willy decides to ask his boss, Howard, if he can have a job in New York. Howard explains that there is no room for him in New York, and then tells Willy that he no longer wants him to represent the company. Now that Willy has no job, he must ask Charley for the money to pay his insurance premium. When Charley finds out that Willy has been fired, he offers him a good job in New York, but Willy refuses. Charley gives Willy the money and then Willy leaves to meet Biff and Happy at a restaurant. When Willy arrives at the restaurant, Biff tries to explain to him that he has been living an illusion and will never amount to anything extraordinary. Willy refuses to listen to him and pretends that Biff has another appointment for the next day. When Biff tries to make Willy face the truth, Willy becomes furious and goes off to the bathroom. Biff and Happy then leave the restaurant. While Willy is in the bathroom, he goes into another illusion. He finds himself in a hotel room with a woman. She is telling him how much she loves his sense of humor. Then knocking is heard at the door, and at first Willy refuses to answer it. As the knocking continues, Willy tells the woman to wait in the bathroom. He opens the door and finds Biff there. Biff tells Willy that he has flunked math and asks that Willy talk to his math teacher about it. Biff explains that his teacher doesn't like him because he once caught Biff imitating him in class. Biff shows Willy the imitation and they both start laughing. The woman hears them laughing and comes out of the bathroom. Willy hurries her out of the room, but not before the woman demands the stockings that Willy promised her. Willy tries to explain the situation, but Biff won't listen. He accuses Willy of giving away Linda's stockings and calls him a liar and a fake. Willy is then brought out of his illusion by the waiter at the restaurant. Willy asks if there is a seed store in the neighborhood and then leaves. Later that night Biff and Happy come home and find Willy planting seeds in the back yard. Biff

National and International Contexts Essays - Foreign Relations, Law

National and International Contexts Essays - Foreign Relations, Law National and International Contexts Childhood treated as a social construction raises concerns on the condition of children (elective notes) like early exposure to adult hood, vulnerability to exploitation be it in various forms; and the several demarcations of childhood as determined by policy. For example minimum age of admission to primary education, employment, further education. Therborn (1996) describes situations of collective action to promote change. An example cited is UNICEF. It was established in the after math of world war II as a temporary measure to provide emergency-humanitarian relief. It soon took over permanency to work for children particulars in education as a measure that will ensure elimination of child labour and exploitation. The WHO came up with several programmes to develop children's well being and health. Another observations development of a rights perspective and law for children was through a Child Rights Convention. Collective action lies at heart of policy that aims to promote and safeguard welfare of children. A rights perspective has the advantage of going beyond nation state politics to an international law with a norms and standards approach that treats political environment of children in a more meaningful manner. Knuttson (1997) argues that any development approach which is directed at influencing community change should involve children as active agents of change and "Emancipation". The impact and role of feminism through impact on family care and work affects children and their rights. The state of the World's Children 2007 Report states "Gender Equality and the well being of Children go hand in hand. When women are empowered to live full and productive lives children prosper UNICEF'S experience also shows the opposite. When women are denied equal opportunity within a society children suffer (Ann M Veneman, Executive Director United Nations children Fund, State of World in children 2007- UNICEF 2007.) The International programme on Elimination of Child Labour, (IPEC) is the International Labour Organistion (ILO) response to provide direct assistance to countries to tackle child labour and give teeth to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child made effective in 1989. Today (IPEC) has 30 funders and 86 programme countries.The ILO in it's report "The end of child labour; within reach" released in 2006 says, in 2004 there were 218 million children trapped in child labour of whom 126 million were in hazardous work. However the number of child labourers globally fell by 11% over the last four years, while that of children in hazardous work decreased by 26%. IPEC the campaign instrument against child labour conducted by ILO commenced in 1992 and has made several break throughs in advocacy; tackling the worst forms of child labour; developing a learning culture and mainstreaming child labour within the Decent Work agenda. ILO is also aware of future challenges. Child labour elimination may be mainstreamed into key development and Human Rights frame works like Millennium Development Goals and poverty reduction strategies. (www.ilo.org/declaration) Child labor first emerged as a major public policy issue with the impact of the industrial revolution. Industrialized Countries offered several packages of intervention to overcome presence of child labour like advocacy campaigns; public inquiries; minimum age legislation; education provision for working children. These have been expanded, in modern times and many developing counties have emulated these initiatives. The Elimination of child labour is linked with provision of compulsory, free and accessible education. Without educational opportunities it is likely that children will enter the labour market and take on dangerous and exploitative jobs. The Dakar Forum of 185 countries resolved to provide all children of primary age free schooling of quality by year 2015 and eliminate gender disparities by year 2005. Much remains to be achieved. Although concept of Education for All has not taken off the ground at an international scale, efforts are made with community groups, parents, employers, and government officials to remove children from work voluntarily and enroll them in school. An example is efforts of an NGO(MV foundation) made in India in state of Andrah Pradesh. It enabled 150,000 to be enrolled and retained in schools and more than 4,000 bonded labourers released and of 500 villages under project 168 made free of child labour. These results were achieved through awareness raising and demand for education of children; support for teachers through special training; support parents to provide alternatives to labour of child withdrawn; provide clearing schools to prepare children for formal education. (source: Child Labour a Global concern, www.schoolisthebestplacetowork.org) Some ILO actions against child labour. One of main aims set for ILO at its foundation in 1991 was abolition of child labour . ILO standards were embodied in concept of minimum age for

PM to rescue a project in trouble Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PM to rescue a project in trouble - Assignment Example To ensure that one takes the right action, the cost expenditure in a project has to be measured consistently and accurately. The certainty of cost can be attained if all project activities are completed properly. There are a number of factors that can directly have an impact of a project’s final cost compared to the original budget plan on cost. Project changes and this involves unforeseen events, scope, execution method and levels of specification. There is also schedule whereby the sooner the completion of a project, the sooner a project does not incur costs. The foreseen events is another factor which means that although the original plan on cost where contingencies and risks are concerned, events can take place as foreseen although with a different impact on the affected cost elements. The control schedule enables a person to understand the variance nature and its cause, capturing of current schedule, determining the variance from the baseline of the schedule and responding by taking relevant measures. The control schedule helps to monitor and control a group by influencing what changes to be made before a project is affected. The control schedule keeps the expectations of a managing stakeholder through advice on the type of work, how it should be carried out, which members to carry it out, and the duration of time it will take. The control schedule gives advice on when a project can be reviewed and when the authorized product to be complete. Schedule management plan defines how a control schedule can be changed and managed. It articulates the variances of schedule performance thus defining the circumstances when schedule reserve can be used. Project schedule is a major and obvious input to control schedule since it consists of a daily schedule used to monitor and keep track of project work thus giving resource against results being managed as well as

Martin Luther King and Alice Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Martin Luther King and Alice Walker - Essay Example Martin Luther King's epiphanies however, were such that they changed the face of a nation. When the Other Dancer is the Self by Alice Walker takes a beautiful and pertinent look at what drives women and particularly little girls. Beauty is something we all strive for, especially in today's media conscious world. It is really a connection between self confidence and self esteem that Alice Walker talks about. In the beginning of her memoir she speaks about being beautiful or 'cute' and having attention poured upon her. She remembers everything she is wearing and even what the day was like until the change occurs. In some instances where a tragic event changes a person's life they forget the good times, when everything seemed to be alright and focus rather on the event that changed their lives. Alice Walker has a vivid memory of the times when her confidence was high. There are essentially two paragraphs that describe these times and then one line that explains the change. That one line has its purpose in that effectively closes a chapter. Walker writes: "It was great fun be ing cute. But then, one day, it ended."(Walker 55). Alice Walker remembers then the tiniest detail of what changed her life and that scar that seemed to rip a gaping hole through her existence. There are actually two turning points within this story that both deal with the 'self' and the coming of age into a world where ones physical appearance no longer matters as much. When Alice Walker was shot, she had been known as a certain person and she feels thereafter that she was no longer that person. She remembers being changed and asking those around her whether or not she had changed. "Years later, in the throes of a mid-life crisis, I ask my mother and sister whether I changed after the 'accident.' 'No,' they say, puzzled. 'What do you mean'" (Walker 56). In this journey Walker begins to ask herself whether the change was part of her imagination. She wonders if that change was something so small yet significant that others could not see it. There are two ways of looking at this chang e or turning point. The first transition is when she was shot and when she imagined this change as being all-encompassing. The second change is when she realizes that it really made no difference and the way she sees herself is not necessarily the way the world sees you. Take for instance an acne sufferer: their condition has cleared up but they are so fixated on the one blemish that does not clear up that they believe this all other people see. They are often shocked when those around them honestly never noticed it. Alice Walker's perception of herself changed when her child likened her blind-eye to the way the world looks from a distance. This is a remarkable definition of the 'self', and once a new way of defining the 'self' is recognized, it puts everything else into perspective. Women are eternally concerned about their appearance perhaps still due to the old way of thinking in biological terms. Hundreds of years ago, a woman's future relied on finding a man and being able to k eep him. He was her security, which meant that keeping him from straying was important and therefore preservation of appearance was also imperative. This mind-set has not yet been abolished. The way others view our appearance is very much dependent on how we view ourselves and what we are aware of within that self. Alice Walker was more confident after the

System Evaluation Paper Essay Example for Free

System Evaluation Paper Essay No doubt, EDI or electronic data interchange process has increased efficiency in exchanging business documents between companies. This process replaces faxing and mailing of documents. The process utilizing specific record formats that are based on widely accepted standards (CovalentWorks, 2014). EDI is used in a variety of industries; over 160,000 companies have switched to EDI to increase their efficiencies. In addition, a vast majority of the companies require their partners to use EDI as well. Assuredly, there are many benefits and some drawbacks for companies that use EDI. One major benefit of EDI is the computer-to-computer exchange of information is much less expensive than handling paper documents. Moreover, studies have concluded that the processing of a paper-based order can cost of up $70 or more. On the other hand, the processing of an EDI order will cost less than a dollar. Other benefits of EDI are much less labor time required fewer errors because the documents are processed by computers, and a faster flow of business transactions (CovalentWorks, 2014). In addition, fast transactions assist in reducing inventory levels, increase warehouse space, decrease out-of-stock levels, as well as lower freight costs. However, one drawback is companies must ensure they have the resources in order to make EDI successful. The resources are attained by purchasing, hiring, and outsourcing. Nevertheless, some of the costs may be offset by the increased efficiency of EDI. EDI works when a buyer prepares an order in the purchasing system and has is approved. Next, the EDI order is translated into an EDI document format called an 850 purchase order (CovalentWorks, 2014). The purchase order is then transmitted to the supplier either by the internet or through a VAN (Value added network). If the VAN is the chosen delivery route between the buyer and supplier, it is always sent on a secure and reliable network. In addition the supplier’s  VAN ensures the supplier receives the order. The supplier’s computer system processes the order. Hardw are, software, internet access, and e-mail are required for the processing to take place. Passwords, user identification, and encryption are used to maintain data security and control throughout the transmission. Lastly, the buyer’s and suppliers edit and check the EDI documents for accuracy (CovalentWorks, 2014). EDI (electronic data interchange) is utilized at my current employer which is a large retail drug store chain. Our chain uses EDI for supplier’s orders, as well as processing invoices and credit memos. For example, a soda vendor will visit our store, merchandise the shelves, and then write an order. The order connects through EDI into our system. Additionally, the order can be viewed as a pending order on the AS400 computer. On arrival, one barcode (per pallet) is scanned in with a Telxon unit. The invoice number and quantities of the order automatically populate and the on-hand quantities are adjusted once the invoice is posted. However, not all vendors are set up through EDI. Through EDI, once the invoice has been posted, it is just filed in the office because the supplier will be automatically paid. If the supplier is not set up through EDI, then the invoice must be stamped with a receiving number and mailed to the corporate office for payment which is a much longer process. Non-EDI invoices risk the chance of getting lost and require a lot more postage and labor revenue to process. However, more and more of our vendors are transitioning to EDI, especially the ones that supply us with product consistently every week. The business requirement that drove the system’s initial development is the labor intensive high cost supply chain. Moreover, there was a need for improved efficiency with ordering, updating on-hand quantities, and payment of invoices and the receipt of credit memos. The company has over 8,000 stores. Therefore, if each store averages 5 invoices per day, that is 40,000 invoices per day that need to be processed. EDI potentially can save thousands of dollars daily in the reduction of labor hours. Furthermore, it reduces the chance of errors and non-payment of received merchandise. In conclusion, EDI has many more benefits than drawbacks. EDI transmits and processes documents very cost effectively, efficiently, and accurately. I believe the company I work for will continue to make EDI arrangements with non-EDI vendors. I also think larger companies and corporations will follow suit and transition to EDI if  they have not done so already. References Covalentworks (2014). Electronic Data Interchange. Retrieved from: http://www.covalentworks.com/what-is-edi.asp

Example Of Primary Key Computer Science Essay

Example Of Primary Key Computer Science Essay Database is a structure that is generally divided in two respects, namely a flat database and a relational database. Relational database easier to understand than the flat database. Because relational database has a simple design and it is easy to do data operations. Database also has a relational structure found in tables to store data. On each table is it consists of columns and rows and a column to define the type of information that should be saved. Basically the database is very useful when the time to retain the information that will be categorized logically. For example, if you want to save the information on the data, the database enterprise or school, it can be in a group with matters in business become more tables. In the database there is some relationship, the relationship is as one to one, many to many, one to many, Primary Key The key is a set of columns that can be used to identify or access a particular row or rows. Identified key explanatory tables, indexes, constraints or reference. The same column can be part of more than one key. A unique key is a key that is constrained so that no two values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹are the same. Unique key columns cannot contain NULL valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹. For example, the column number of employees can be defined as a unique key, because each value in column identifies only one employee. No two employees can have the same number of workers. The mechanism used to enforce uniqueness of the so-called index unique key. Unique index table is a column, or a collection of ordered columns, each of which identifies value (specify function) unique rows. A unique index can contain NULL valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹. The key is one unique key defined on the table, but was selected as the first important key. There can be only one primary key on the table. A primary index is automatically created for the primary key. The main index used by the database manager for efficient access to table rows, and allows the database manager to enforce the uniqueness of the primary key. (You can also specify non-primary index key columns efficiently access the data when processing the query.) If the table does not have a natural unique key, or if the order of arrival is a method used to distinguish unique rows, use a time stamp as part of the key can help. Example of Primary Key PROJNO (Primary Key) PROJNAME DEPTNO MA2100 Weld Line Automation D01 MA2110 Weld Line Programming D11 Example 1 If each column in the table contains duplicate valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹, it cannot determine the key with just one column. A key with more than one column is a composite key. The combination of column values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹should define a unique entity. If a composite key cannot be easily defined, it can also be considered to create a new column with unique valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹. EMPNO (Primary Key) PROJNO (Primary Key) ACTNO (Primary Key) EMPTIME EMSTDATE (Primary Key) 000250 AD3112 60 1.0 1982-01-01 000250 AD3112 60 5 1982-02-01 000250 AD3112 70 5 1982-02-01 Foreign Key A foreign key is a field in a table corresponding relationship with the other candidate key table. Foreign keys can be used to cross-reference table. For example, suppose we have two tables, customer that includes all customer data, and the order table that includes all customer orders. Intention here is that all orders must be associated with a client who is in the customer table. To do this, we will place a foreign key in the order table and it relates to the key customer table. Identifying foreign key column or set of columns in a table that refers to a column or set of columns in another table. Column in the table must reference the key pillars or other super key in the referenced table. Value in a reference column line must occur in a single row in the referenced table. Thus, a row in the reference table cannot contain values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹that do not exist in the referenced table (except potentially null). In this way a reference can be made to link information together and it is an important part database normalization. Various rows in the table reference may refer to the same row in the referenced table. Most of the time, it reflects a (parent table or reference table) to many (child table, or referencing table) relationship. Example Foreign Key Below is an example of the relationship between the Company and also schedules, Contact. Tables in the company is the parent of a link. In child contact schedule, Field CompanyID the table to show the contact contacted the company owned. The role of the Son (Multiplicity) Diversification foreign key defines how many records in the child table can link to records in the master table. In the above example the childs diversity since a company can have any number of contacts. Example Primary Key Foreign Key Relationship It have a Primary Foreign Key, in this figure it have a relationship between this two keys. e.g. One to One , One to Many , Many to Many. Primary key. This is indicated by the Primary Key field equivalent to the schedule. this shows that the field that identifies a unique record. For example, Product_ID product and ORDER_ID for Order the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹that are normally produced by the field is Auto-rise. they do not have any intrinsic meaning and only integers are automatically generated one by one. Primary Key and Foreign Keys. This indicated that the PF with the field in the table. In this case, the field is also created as a key example of this attitude in the Schedule of Key, Primary Key in Table Customer_Orders_Products is a composite key, consisting of two fields. The product_id is the Primary Key in the table Products, and ORDER_ID is the Primary Key in the table Customer_Orders. One-to-Many Relationship. One-to-Many very common in the real world, and it is very easy to read that A Parents can have a lot of children. In this figure shows that, One Product can be attributed to Customer_Orders_Products the Many. The line between product and Customer_Orders_Products is continuous line (not small dotted lines). This means that the product_id field is the Primary Key in Table Customer_Orders_Products. A dotted line will show the existence of a Foreign Key. Many-to-Many Relationships. Relationship Many-to-Many very important in the real world, and being able to see them all around us every day. For example, many customers may order the same product. Many products can be ordered by the same customer. This is called Relationship Many-to-Many. It can not be implemented directly in the Database Table relationships. The solution is to create an intermediate table that records all the combinations that exist between the Customer and Product. For example, if a customer who ordered three products, then there will be three records for that customer in an intermediate table. Low key combination to be a parent table primary key intermediate in this table. We also need to allow for comments like Make it stronger,. If we get to the right database structure, then it is very easy to extend it. Question 2 Explain the main characteristics and advantages of the following terms. a ) Relational Database b) Object Oriented Database c) Object Relational Database Relational Database Can be connected to a database with a collection of data items is strongly recommended as a set and the name of the Minister of Finance official explained from Any data easily accessible. A database was created using the model relations relationship. The software used in database relations database management system called Relations. A relationship database is the preferred choice in storing data, as compared to other models such as the hierarchical database model or network model. The first database is been commenced in 1970, namely by Edgar Codd. Advantages of Relational Database Avoid Error There is only a single storage location for any piece of information, so: data update is easy without having to change the same information in 15 different files. info is always up to date there is no chance of remaining old data in some forgotten file. Number and date: no typos such as 10, 10, 10, not 10. avoid problems such as data type in Excel dreaded syndrome. avoid unwanted text-to-date conversion like November 12 to be November 12 1900. Error checking data as they are entered: validated data on data entry, to filter the impossible data can be cross-checked against existing information. Manipulate Data With databases it can combine different data easily. No more error-prone cut-and-paste to force data into different formats. Do away with all intermediate Excel spreadsheet that is often generated when manipulating data. (And which you often darent delete just in case they contain important information.) Data manipulation is done by using a query. This means Structured Query Language, SQL, to merge, update and manage data, but most users do not need to know any SQL to perform complex tasks. In Microsoft Access, for example, Visual Query Builder provides a simple, intuitive interface makes most queries. Visualize Data A database is being adjusted can reveal new areas for investigation to present large quantities of data in an intuitive form. Often the patterns become apparent only by flicking through data. With this special database it is possible in new ways: data from many different sources can be brought together and displayed quickly and and fast. Integrate with analysis Ends with an Excel file to a multi-analysis, each subtlety different? Never sure that the correct file is not delete any, just in case. With a relational database, this is the dilemma of the past. Your data set for analysis is created using queries stored in the database. No copy is made of data, but instead you link to query directly from the statistics. Object Oriented Database Reduced Maintenance The main goal of the object-oriented development is a guarantee that the system will enjoy a longer life while having maintenance costs much less. This is because most of the processes in the system contained, behavior that can be reused and will be included in the most recent behavior. The ultimate goal is for the new object-oriented development Real World Modeling Objects operational system is very prone to model the real world in a more complete fashion than do traditional methods. Objects that have been organized into a class of objects, object-related behaviors. Based on the object, rather than on data and processing only Improved Reliability and Flexibility Object-oriented system to be far more reliable than traditional systems, especially in the new behavior can be built from existing objects. Because objects can be dynamically called and accessible, new objects can be created at any time. New objects can inherit data attributes from one, or many other objects. Behavior that can be inherited from the super-class, and novel behavior can be added without performing the functions of the existing system. Object Relational Database Database Object capabilities can be expanded with additional ties and new data types, access methods and functions available in object oriented programming. it can add character string with alpha-numeric data types. Complex data types can combine features of data types that already exist in the database. here it is able to determine the data type of text containing desired time or with the number of bytes used to create user defined data types can be opaque or own. it can also add user-defined virtual processors. Encapsulation By using encapsulation of database object you want to contact in the form of a table. For example, Table 1 includes the name, address, phone number and email address for contact. Through class encapsulating Contacts, it just combines all this information in a table on this one. So when you query the database for this information, you generate a report in a style designed to include all of this information. Appendix PROJNO (Primary Key) PROJNAME DEPTNO MA2100 Weld Line Automation D01 MA2110 Weld Line Programming D11 EMPNO (Primary Key) PROJNO (Primary Key) ACTNO (Primary Key) EMPTIME EMSTDATE (Primary Key) 000250 AD3112 60 1.0 1982-01-01 000250 AD3112 60 5 1982-02-01 000250 AD3112 70 5 1982-02-01

Global Poverty Essay

The definition of poverty is a matter of debate. In 1795, English magistrates decided that a minimum income should be the cost of a gallon loaf of bread, multiplied by three, plus an allowance for each dependent. Today, the Census Bureau defines the threshold of global poverty as the minimum amount of money families need to purchase a nutritionally adequate diet, assuming they use one-third of their income for food. The term underclass has been applied by some social scientists to a population of people, concentrated in an inner city, who are persistently poor, unemployed, and dependent on welfare, with an emphasis on persistently. Initially, sociologist William Julius Wilson championed the concept to describe the plight of the truly disadvantaged. But he and a number of other sociologists have since expressed concern that the term underclass is being misused by some journalists and political conservatives to argue that the poor have created their own plight and are to blame for their poverty (Hinkle, 1994). Wilson contends that the underclass exists mainly because of a sharp climb in inner-city joblessness by virtue of the elimination of hundreds of thousands of lower-skill jobs, the growing polarization of the labor market into low-wage and high-wage sectors, the relocation of manufacturing industries out of the central city, and periodic recessions. The problem has been compounded by the concentration of the disadvantaged in inner-city ghettos and the isolation of these areas from more affluent communities (Hinkle, 1994). Before World War I, most African Americans lived in the rural South. But industrial jobs during World Wars I and II drew hundreds of thousands of blacks to cities in the North (Davis, 2004). Almost all of these people were poor, unskilled workers. Structural factors, i. e. the disappearance over the past quarter-century of hundreds of thousands of low-skill jobs, mainly involving physical labor, have meant that inner-city blacks have become a severely disadvantaged class (Hinkle, 1994). They settled in slum areas near the factories where they worked in the inner city. As slums grew, ghetto conditions worsened. These patterns are most evident in large American cities where smokestack industries once attracted young men with few or no skills to jobs that nonetheless paid well enough to support wives and children. Prejudice and discrimination have made it difficult for African Americans and other minorities to improve these conditions. Legislation has been used to try to eliminate ghetto conditions in the United States. But segregation remains a serious problem. Now poor urban blacks find themselves relegated to all-black neighborhoods where they are socially isolated from mainstream life (Davis, 2004). According to the conflict theory, though, the underclass indeed constitutes a minority of the poor. The underclass is a cote of inner-city poor, those individuals and families who are trapped in an unending cycle of joblessness and dependence on welfare or criminal earnings. Their communities are plagued by drug abuse, lawlessness, crime, violence, and poor schools. Many underclass women were teenage mothers and high school dropouts who subsequently found themselves sidetracked without the resources or skills to escape a life of poverty (Hinkle, 1994). Some sociologists portray global poverty as a structural feature of capitalist societies. The cyclical movements between economic expansion and contraction, boom and bust, contribute to sharp fluctuations in employment (Iceland, 2003). A century ago, Karl Marx contended that an industrial reserve army is essential for capitalist economies. The industrial reserve army consists of individuals at the bottom of the class structure who are laid off in the interests of corporate profits during times of economic stagnation, then rehired when needed for producing profits during times of economic prosperity. It is disproportionately composed of minorities, who traditionally have been the last hired and the first hired. Contemporary structural functionalists say that a new industrial order characterized by a significant shift from manufacturing to service-sector employment has produced massive vulnerability among all blue-collar workers (Hinkle, 1994). Poverty derives from a lack of income-producing employment. And high inner-city rates of family disintegration, welfare dependency, drug abuse, and crime are additional outcomes of faulty economic organization. Clustered in large ghettos and squatters Mexico, Africa, and some parts of Asia, the poor develop feelings of marginality, helplessness, dependence, and inferiority. These circumstances allegedly breed weak ego structures, lack of impulse control, a present-time orientation characterized by little ability to deter gratification, and a sense of resignation and fatalism. The resulting lifeways are both an adaptation and a reaction of the poor to their disadvantaged positions (Iceland, 2003). They become self-perpetuating patterns as the ethos associated with the culture of poverty is transmitted to successive generations. United Nations bureaus revealed that nearly half of the state’s children have mothers who have failed to fulfill elementary school. Statistics illustrate there exists a positive relationship between parents’ educational attainment and their offspring’s odds in their latter life. Children of parents who have no adequate formal education are prone to endure scarcity as they age. Poverty-stricken people around the world suffer from the lack of many things they need. For example, they are less likely to receive adequate medical care or to eat the foods they need to stay healthy. The poor have more diseases, become more seriously ill, and die at a younger age than other people do. Poor people often live in substandard housing in socially isolated areas where most of their neighbors are poor. Many low-income families live in crowded, run-down buildings with inadequate heat and plumbing. The jobs most readily available to the poor provide low wages and little opportunity for advancement. Many of these jobs also involve dangerous or unhealthful working conditions. Financial, medical, and emotional problems often strain family ties among the poverty-stricken (Iceland, 2003). In Laos, saddled with debt, lacking infrastructure, and short of trained personnel, the government simply cannot afford to provide basic schooling for all of their children. However, this is not a problem of lack of resources, but rather a problem of resource allocation. In Ghana, misdistribution and capitalistic exploitation make the medicines inaccessible to the poor clients in the district. If in the past, the causes of illnesses may have been shared between man and nature, from this time forth, diseases are brought about by the caustic arms of industrialization, which might have not destroyed or alternatively benefited the sub-Saharan Africa. In Thailand, young people, some hardly elapsed pre-school age, vending on streets virtually every single day is a heartbreaking scene to the passersby. While at first glance it may seem to be effortless, risk-free toil that equips a deprived family a most wanted boost, it essentially stems from a chain of causes, and begets a mesh of costs for the child, his family and the society in which they are trying to survive. Eventually, many unschooled children would eventually realize finding themselves sidetracked without the resources or skills to escape a life of poverty. Within the United States, President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society produced a flurry of social programs rivaling those of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. Some are gone, while others were severely cut or revamped by the Reagan and Bush administrations. The government provides two main types of aid: social insurance and public assistance. Social insurance mainly covers people-or their families-who have worked and paid special taxes in the past, whether or not they are poor. Public assistance provides aid to the needy regardless of their work record (Iceland, 2003). Education is a key element in reversing poverty. For some people in Asia and Africa, education is a means to improve oneself. Education is greatly related to social status because a high degree of education involves money and motivation. Some people insist that the forces that are making the world into a single economy have separated people from longstanding identities and have, at the same time, weakened nation-state. Particularly, McDonaldization of global society has allowed to target highly specific groups wherever they are and so the ethnic bond tails them too (Ritzer, 1996). People in developing countries are starving, purely so that our developed society can be provided with excess food. Chemicals, necessary for the uniformity of its products, are destroying the environment and putting lives at risk due to increased nitrate levels. This way, McDonaldization of society wouldn’t make the world a better place, as it will simply turn into a bigger breeding ground for exploitation, pollution, and economic imbalance around the world furthering global poverty.

Parameters for a Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis

ANSYS Fluent is technology package for computational fluid kineticss which enables mathematical modeling of the physical theoretical account. It can be used to analyze fluid flow, heat transportation and a broad scope of other industrial application jobs by executing â€Å"numerical experiments† ( computing machine simulations ) in a â€Å"virtual flow laboratory† . The package is extensively used throughout the universe. It can be used for new construct mold, every bit good as the betterment of bing 1s. One advantage of the package is that it is able to work out complex 3-D jobs where the physical forces and flow features are sometimes impossible to mensurate ; accordingly provide speedy, efficient, more accurate and dependable consequences. As mentioned before, this methodological analysis is based on using the physical theoretical account to a scaly geometry that represents the existent theoretical account system. Subsequently, all surfaces and volumes of the sphere are meshed. The full mesh is exported to ANSYS Fluent for the numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equation. Followed by the model been delegating to the boundary conditions necessary for the stuff and thermic belongingss. The theoretical account re-produces the existent atmospheric conditions that the system is subjected to during the clip that is simulated. Project’s efficiency is improved for undertakings by analyzing little alterations in parametric quantities and CFD expends less clip than building a existent paradigm and proving. One of the chief purposes of CFD simulation is to analyse the existent thermic behaviours of the proposed system with fewer resources in less clip. In this undertaking, the CFD package bundle of ANSYS FLUENT version 15.0 is selected as the computational package for imitating the physical theoretical account. This is because it is the package widely used by research workers internationally in the country of thermic wall research and besides suggested by the supervisor ( ANSYS UK Ltd, 2012 ) . The computational theoretical account is developed based on a proposed physical life infinite theoretical account in Sydney with a H2O wall system.3.2.1 Heat Balance and Governing EquationsHeat balance:The H2O wall theoretical account set up is based on the heat balance method where the temperature fluctuation for H2O is tantamount for both paradigm and theoretical account. There are a few premises made for this method:The H2O is well-mixed ab initio at a unvarying surface temperatureHeat flux moving on the surface is changelessDiffuse radiating surfaceThe thermic energy radiated on wall surface is transferred to H2O, with no heat loss to en vironing walls.Regulating equations:The heat transportation and air flow in this theoretical account is chiefly governed by partial non-linear differential equations, which stand foring the preservation of mass ( continuity ) , impulse and energy ( heat ) . These equations are so solved numerically based on the project’s geometry, boundary scenes and runing conditions. In this undertaking, the preservation equations for laminar flow are described below with concise account on each.Conservation of mass ( besides known as continuity equation ) : this equation ensures that the mass is conserved when fluid is in gesture. Equation ( 1 ) below is a general signifier of the continuity equation.( 1 )Conservation of impulse: the equation is shown below as Equation ( 2 ) .This equation rises from using Newton’s 2nd jurisprudence to the fluid gesture, where the rate of alteration of impulse peers the amount of the forces. The entire impulse of a system remains changeless.( 2 )Con servation of energy: this equation refers to the first jurisprudence of thermodynamics, where the rate of alteration of energy of a fluid partial is equal to the rate of heat add-on plus the rate of work done. In other words, for this undertaking the energy equation histories for the heat act on the undertaking. There are many ways of showing the energy equation, one signifier is as shown in Equation ( 3 )( 3 )3.2.2 Geometry and Boundary ConditionsGeometry:The conventional diagram of the analysis theoretical account considered in this paper is illustrated in Figure3-2, modeled with ANSYS Fluent. The theoretical account is developed from an false physical paradigm by ignoring the structural characteristics. In order to simplify the job, the geometry of this system is specified as planar and constructed on the X, Y plane. The theoretical account geometry is scaled down to 200mm*200mm in general infinite with a thermic storage wall and two gaps as air recess and mercantile establishmen t ( shown in ruddy ) . All wall thicknesses are neglected in this state of affairs, which indicates the walls have zero heat conductivity opposition. There are three chief parts in this theoretical account: the air channel ( A ) , inactive solar wall ( B ) and indoor life infinite ( C ) , besides illustrated in Figure 3-2. The thermic wall is set as 30mm*100mm. The intermediate infinite between the thermic wall and the glazing or the canal breadth is set for 20mm and the stuff to construction the thermic storage wall is H2O.Boundary Conditionss:The lone un-insulated surface is the interface between the thermic wall and the air channel. The other beds are insulated to either increase the thermic opposition or prevent to heat from reassigning into the internal infinite. Note that the heat flux is originally designed to move on the exterior H2O wall surface ( the surface between A and B on Figure 3-2 ) , where this surface is besides an interface between H2O and air. But mistakes occur if this interface is subjected to external heat beginning when operating in ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 bundle. Thus that in this survey, all interior wall surfaces including the roof and floor are set to be adiabatic ( under nothing heat flux ) while the thermic wall interior surface ( No. 19 on Figure 3-2 ) is capable to heat flux calculated based on the Sydney part historical informations shown in Appendix A ( Bom.gov.au, 2014 ) . However, the value of solar heat flux is non changeless during a twenty-four hours, and at this phase our cognition is non sufficient to execute a simulating based on the world parabolic behaviour of heat flux. The heat flux moving on the H2O wall for this undertaking is assumed as changeless. It is about impossible to make an accurate grading based on all fluid flow factors, to fulfill this, the H2O temperature will lift above 100EsC. To simplify the undertaking, the values are so scaled down to fulfill the theoretical account scenes by keep the same addition temperature addition rate in H2O wall. The grading computation is described below. Initially the standard temperature for the H2O wall and theoretical account room was set the same as 300K ( 26.85EsC ) . The air temperature at recess and mercantile establishment were besides assumed changeless and tantamount to the room air temperature to simplify the undertaking. By making this, heat flux is ensured as the lone force that initiates the full system. Other than the computational recess and mercantile establishment, the remainder of the surface boundaries are stationary walls under no-slip conditions. Resistance to flux due to friction along the surfaces is assumed negligible.3.2.3 Imitating Parameters ( Dimensional Analysis )From the published literature, many different parametric quantities can impact the public presentation of the H2O wall public presentation for air airing intent. As shown on Figure 3-3, there are many variables that can be investigated to optimise the H2O wall system public presentation such as wall tallness ( H ) , width ( B ) , intermediate infinite interval ( D ) and the heat flux strength moving on H2O wall surface. A dimensional analysis is performed to show the structural and mechanical parametric quantities that may impact the system public presentation. Buckingham theorem is the method used for dimensional analysis. First of wholly, a certain figure, â€Å"n† , of relevant dimensional physical variables are determined for this undertaking. These variables are inter-related and can be expressed via a functional relationship as shown in Equation 4, where Q stands for the mean volume flow rate at the mercantile establishment. ( 4 ) Followed by examine these parametric quantities and happen out the figure of cardinal dimensions, named â€Å"k† . Finally, by choosing â€Å"k† figure of reiterating variables, the staying ( n-k ) variables can organize ( n-k ) sets ofgroups. The elaborate working out is described in Appendix B. The solution indicates that for this undertaking analysis, there are n=16 variables, k=4 cardinal dimensions which form 12groups. Thesegroups are dimensionless groups that will impact the system public presentation. Consequently, The Buckingham Theorem consequence indicates that Q is a map of a set of dimensionless groups, which are shown below. ( 5 ) Due to constraint in clip and CFD cognition restriction at the current phase, in this survey, two factorsheat fluxstrengthandH2O wall thicknesshave been chosen as the simulating parametric quantities, therefore that the undertaking aims to analyze their effects on the system. Solar heat flux strength is one of the most widely research parametric quantity and besides the most conclusive. Research workers find that air velocity and temperature within the solar channel of the thermal wall system increases with increasing solar heat flux strength ( Budea, 2014 ) The 2nd parametric quantity is the H2O wall thickness ( breadth ) . Presently, research workers return assorted reappraisals on the influence of H2O wall’s tallness, but besides to observe that the tallness parametric quantity is non easy to command due to realistic structural limitations. Meanwhile, there has been really limited reappraisal on the effects H2O wall thickness parametric quantity by past research workers. Comparing to the H2O wall tallness, the thickness is considered as a comparatively easy parametric quantity to command. The above grounds explain why H2O wall thickness is selected as the 2nd simulating parametric quantity to analyze for this undertaking.3.2.4: Operating ConditionSolution Methods:As the air flow is driven by convection in the air chamber, the system is running under force per unit area based attack. When simulating, the force per unit area field is extracted by work outing a force per unit area rectification equation which is obtained by pull s tringsing the preservation of mass and impulse equations of the speed field ( Arc.vt.edu, 2014 ) . Since the government equations are non-linear, the solution procedure involves work outing the regulating equations repeatedly till the solution converges. In this theoretical account, the perkiness consequence of air is modeled under the Boussinesq estimate. This is because the phenomenon in the solar channel is natural convection under alterations in air temperature. This estimate is used to account for the denseness fluctuation. Thus the computational theoretical account considers denseness to be changeless except for the perkiness term in the impulse equation.Operating Parameters:As discussed before, the two parametric quantities interested are heat flux strength and H2O wall thickness. For the heat flux strength, the scaly upper limit summer heat flux is 112; where the minimal winter 55.7. Two other heat flux strengths are chosen for comparing. The values are taken mediate the upper limit and lower limit based on tantamount increase. Therefore, the concluding four values selected for this undertaking are 55.7, 74.593.2and 112. When analyzing the H2O wall thickness affects, the heat flux is set independent with a value of 89.2, which is the mean annual value calculated. Then the breadths selected for the H2O wall are 25mm, 30mm and 35 millimeter to compare public presentation of natural air airing of the undertaking theoretical account.3.2.5 Convergence Criteria and MeshingConvergence StandardsThis theoretical account uses 2neodymiumorder truth ( high declaration ) for the sing variables such as temperature and speed. All remainders are scaled and the convergence standard is said as reached when the default absolute value of the remainders are belowHowever it is of import to observe that a good initial conjecture by and large lead to a high scaled residuary and therefore the convergence standards can non be achieved. Hence after corroborating the solution conditions, a mesh independence trial is required to be performed to guarantee the solution is besides independent of the mesh. This is besides an extra c ritical standard to guarantee the consequences are dependable.Finite volume methodThe solution method employed in ANSYS FLUENT is known as the finite volume method under full-coupled convergent thinker. Full-coupled means that the system usually converges in less loop, but with each loop takes longer. This method operates as follows: First of wholly, the theoretical account sphere is discretized, through the usage of mesh, into a finite set of control volumes. Next, the three regulating equations discussed before ( preservation of mass, impulse and energy ) are integrated over each single control volume to make algebraic equations for the terra incognitas. Followed by all the equations developed all being solved to give updated consequences of the dependent variables. Consequently, an approximative value of each dependant variable at any points on the sphere can be obtained.Mesh Independency TestA all right mesh reduces the elaboration of mistakes during the extension of the solution. However, by bettering the truth of the simulation consequences through refinement mesh, the clip devouring for computational analysis is increased correspondingly. As a consequence, a mesh independence trial was performed to guarantee the appropriate mesh is used for this system. More specifically, this means that the mesh chosen is capable of bring forthing a comparatively accurate consequence but less clip devouring. Without executing the mesh independency trial, the solutions will hold a high opportunity of changing with the polish of mesh and this clearly is non acceptable for the undertaking. The polish procedure is repeated with incrementally reduced alternations in consequence until a solution that is independent of mesh is generated. The overall theoretical account sphere is foremost divided into 100*100 computational cells, and so traveling to 200*200, 400*400 cells for the mesh independence trial. The spheres near to interfaces were set with smaller grid spacing ( or finer mesh ) , the interior infinite set with larger grid spacing ( or courser mesh ) to better the truth. Two parametric quantities set as proctors are area-weighted mean temperature of the H2O wall and the mean volume flow rate at the mercantile establishment. There is no specific standard for the per centum difference between two back-to-back sets, but it is required to be moderately bantam to guarantee that no important effects take topographic point on the system when mesh alterations. The differences between the sets of consequences are analyzed in per centum by sing 400*400 engagement as mention. The consequences are besides expressed in x-y chart for better ocular comparing. The elaborate informations for mesh trial including the ocular comparing figures is shown in Appendix C. A comparing of consequences is shown in Table 3-2 below. By analyzing the consequences, it is observed that the differences between the 200*200 and 400*400 mesh are zero and less than 0.01 % for temperature and volume flow rate proctors severally. Therefore, it is believed that the 200*200 grid system has sensible imitating clip ingestion and can obtain good truth consequences for the undertaking. The mesh form is presented in Figure3-4. The observation gives the assurance that the fake solution is considered as independent of its grid.