Essay on Steroids in Baseball - 2587 Words

Hall of Shame Baseball has always been known as â€Å"America’s Favorite Pastime†. Over the past decade, the game America knows and loves has been exposed as a game full of cheaters. Major League Baseball(MLB) has had over one hundred players test positive for performance-enhancing substances over the past fifteen years. Performance-enhancing substances increase a player’s ability to produce better stats to help his salary. The past fifteen years of baseball have contained dirty play by some of the best players to ever play the sport. Kids all over America look at these athletes as role models. The money hungry players proceed to send a terrible message to fans of the game by taking drugs to succeed. After commissioner Bud Selig cracked down†¦show more content†¦Because steroids were not deemed illegal in baseball until 2005, players like Clemens and Bonds felt like they were not breaking any rules or regulations. Although they may not have broken MLB ru les, they broke the spirits of baseball fans all over the country. Over the past fifteen years, the players have thrown their morals away at the first sight of a $. Without thinking about the kids who one day want to slug seventy homers in a season, major league players have set an example by saying â€Å"Well, I guess it’s ok to cheat to be rich and famous.† Millions of little leaguers all over the world look up to these athletes. Look at the message that is being sent to the kids when their role model is injecting steroids just to be good at a game, how far must it go? Steroids are not only unfair to the fans of the game, but also the other players in the league. It is not fair to the players who play the game fair currently or to the retired players whose reputations are comparable to those of the players who took shortcuts to succeed. The fair players should not be referred to as â€Å"Pretty good for not taking steroids† to label their caliber. Steroids hav e ruined the credibility of many great talents in the game of baseball and need to be eliminated. Over the past decade, Major League Baseball has seen a dark period now known as â€Å"The Steroids Era†. From 1994 to 2006, 115 MLB players were linked to steroids or other performanceShow MoreRelatedBaseball and Steroids741 Words   |  3 PagesConfirmation/Argument Despite steroids having multiple negative effects on both athletes and the game of baseball, they also have good effects too. The first positive effect that steroids’ provide would be the fact that steroids help speed up recovery time. When a person is heavily stressed Cortisol is produced to help the body and mind handle the stress. However, because cortisol is so strong; in the process of trying to relieve stress it also damages muscle tissue and slows down the time it takesRead More steroids in Baseball Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pages Steroids in Baseball: The Future of Baseball nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It was a warm, sultry night in September. The fans were crazed in anticipation as Mark McGwire stepped to the plate. With a gentle stretch, he paused, patiently poised, waiting for what would eventually be the greatest hit baseball had ever seen. The pitcher, Steve Trachsel, came set. He shot a determined look to the dirt. In a rivalry such as this (Cubs, Cardinals) he did not want to be the one to give up the great numberRead MoreSteroids Abuse in Baseball1746 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of Americas Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behavior orRead MoreSteroids : The Corruption Of Baseball1287 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids: The Corruption of Baseball Steroids changed the game of baseball for an era by transforming the game from defensively oriented mindsets to who could offensively â€Å"out-slug† one another. Steroids have changed the game of baseball due to the fact that it makes you stronger and the players that use it can hit the ball a lot further than others. Steroids are performance enhancing drugs most commonly used by athletes or bodybuilders so that they can gain more muscle quickly and easily to haveRead More Steroids in Baseball Essay878 Words   |  4 Pages Anabolic and androgenic steroids come in many different forms. The most popular form is a pill and is easy to take. The draw back of the pill is it is hard on the liver and kidneys because it passes through the system in a couple of hours. Another popular form is cream. The cream’s advantage is it is easy to apply and is less harmful to the body. The draw back is it is very ineffective. The last form is injection. Injecting straight into the muscle gives the best results. Most serious athletes thatRead MoreSteroids in Professional Baseball2189 Words   |  9 Pagessurveyed that all the athletes in baseball that were tested for steroids and shown positive should have been banned from the game. In the year 2005 it was discovered that two out of three people agreed with banning the players who made it to the Hall of Fame but tested positive for steroids. Most if not all people consider this action cheating and frown upon its use. How could this be? In today’s readings of sports articles and papers, fans tend to think that steroids give other players an unfair advantageRead MoreEssay on Steroids in Baseball1012 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Steroids in Baseball† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Today in the United States, millions and millions of kids, teens, and adults watch and play in the sport of baseball. It is probably the number one sport looked upon and what is happening to it is a bit discouraging. Players have started â€Å"cheating† by using steroids to help them play stronger and better. They are in league where you have to be the best at what you do to play, and if your using drugs to cheat yourRead MoreSteroids in Professional Baseball Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesin Major League Baseball is the discussion of the use of steroids and human growth hormones. Both are completely illegal in the sport, and come with drastic consequences. One would think a fifty game suspension as a first offense would scare players away, but for some reason steroids in baseball is occurring more and more often to the disappointment of Major League Baseball. The reason players take steroids in the first place is to enhan ce their performance on the field. Steroids make players strongerRead MoreSteroids in Major League Baseball800 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in Major League Baseball Anabolic steroids have been abused by Major League Baseball players for years, it’s time to forever ban the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs before they ruin America’s past time. Why should athletes be able to cheat when teammates or rivals are competing with honest effort? Every year records are broken and new heights are achieved, the game of baseball is very simple yet very humble, and to deceive the game you love, forever will you be punished. Let me informRead MoreEssay on Use of Steroids in Baseball4327 Words   |  18 PagesUse of Steroids in Baseball Since Major League Baseball all-star Ken Caminiti openly admitted to Sports Illustrated to have used steroids during his career, steroid use as a muscle and performance enhancer has been uncovered and become a big issue Major League Baseball is wrestling with. The â€Å"ongoing and delicate subject, baseball’s dirty, little secret that is no secret anymore,† is a huge and growing problem (Curry B20). Now that light has been shed on the issue, critics are beginning to

How Do You Define What It Means - 1995 Words

How do you define what it means to be an American? What exactly does that entail? While there are many common themes in these definitions, every individual has a different view on what â€Å"Americanism† truly is. The infamous American gangster Al Capone once said â€Å"This American system of ours, call it Americanism, call it capitalism, call it what you will, gives each and every one of us a great opportunity if we only seize it with both hands and make the most of it.† Upon first reading this statement, I agreed with what he had said. American has always been a beacon of hope and the land of opportunities, but looking back at the events of our history, were those same opportunities available to every human being living on American soil? The simple answer to that questions is no. Looking back at this country’s past, it is fascinating to watch the face of America evolve and it will surely be interesting to see how the definition of what it means to be an Americ an changes in the future. The earlier days of this country proved to be a much different society. In the time period ranging from the 1870s to the 1920s, America’s economic and societal environments were constantly changing. Innovation and technology caused a great demand for workers in factories. While job opportunities were plentiful, they were not always well-paying jobs or fair working conditions. In these instances, workers had no reservations about going on strike to obtain what they wanted. One of the most well-knownShow MoreRelatedThe Main Types Of Point Of View878 Words   |  4 Pages1.Define the 3 main types of point of view. (3rd Person) Omniscient: Told from the p.o.v. of an outside narrator. 1st Person: This perspective is told from the p.o.v. of the main character. (3rd Person) Limited:This p.o.v. is a way of telling the story in which only the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of a character. 2. What does the Latin root word aud mean? The Latin root word aud means to â€Å"hear†. 3. Why is dialogue important to a story? The dialogue is important to a story becauseRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog807 Words   |  4 PagesDog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon 1.) How do we form and shape our identities? We form and shape our identities by experiences, hurt, love, guilt and various other emotions as well as things we see others going through, all of these things whether they be good or bad help form and shape our identities. 2.) How do we define who we are? We define who we are by our hobbies, our interests, by our likes and dislikes, by who we talk to and who we do not talk to, by the labels we give ourselvesRead MoreUnderstanding The Core Ideas Shaping And Directing Your Business Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesWhere do you see your business in five years from now? If the question caught you off-guard, your business might be missing a vital part of strategic planning: a vision statement. In order to know what your business needs to do, you must know where you want to go – you need a vision for the business. So, how to write a vision statement and what is it all about? In this guide, I’ll explain the concepts, the key strategies and provide you examples of the good, the bad and the downright ugly. 1 WhatRead MoreJean-Paul Sartre’s Philosophy: Radical Freedom and Responsibility 1253 Words   |  6 Pages This is what I mean when I say that man is condemned to be free† (Sartre 32). Radical freedom and responsibility is the central notion of Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy. However, Sartre himself raises objections about his philosophy, but he overcomes these obvious objections. In this paper I will argue that man creates their own essence through their choices and that our values and choices are important because they allow man to be free and create their own existence. I will first do this by explainingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter And Holds True Today890 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom others creating shame for their actions. When faced with a shame such as that, a person has two options: to let the shame consume them or to confront their mistakes and move past them. The idea that people have the power to choose how their decisions will define them holds true in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 19th century novel The Scarlet Letter and holds true today. The novel follows the story of Hester Prynne who commits an act of adultery with the minister of the town. Hester has a child and ultimatelyRead MoreRelationship Between Ownership And A Sense Of Self1334 Words   |  6 Pagesbut how does ownership relate to a sense and development of self? This question has been constantly answered for centuries through intelligent people like Plato, Aristotle, and Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the question has received no agreeable answer. In the end, people will agree that there is a strong and positive relationship between ownership and a sense of self because the things you own will define and develop who you are positively by exhibiting what you like, what you can and cannot do, andRead MoreWhat Does the Word Environment Really Means?697 Words   |  3 Pages Oá ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š. â€Å"I speak English. What is this foreign language you speak to me in?† These are the words you may expect to hear from an individual who does not understand t he importance of language, the importance of breaking down a word so that one can fully understand its meaning. The word presented is the Greek spelling for â€Å"Oikos.† The word is the ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house, or family. This word also serves as the English prefix eco- for ecology and economics. Understanding languageRead MoreCondemned Freedom: Sartre1417 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing the Vietnam War and his choice to be involved in discussing international politics Sartre said, â€Å"No matter what I write. I am always in contradiction with myself and with society. That is what being an intellectual means† (M. I. Kindred). The following essay will explain how a contradiction of himself weakens one of the philosopher’s most famous quotes. In examining Sartre’s idea of humans being â€Å"condemned to be free,† there will be logical faults. There will be contradictions withRead MoreMaya Angelous Phenomenal Woman769 Wo rds   |  4 Pageswants to show the world what makes her beautiful and expresses it in various ways. Women, now put themselves down because they do not think about their inner beauty, they only listen to what people may say about them. The message this poem sends out to the world of stereotype is empowerment comes from being confident in your own female skin. Beauty does not define a phenomenal woman. This poem represents the definition of a phenomenal woman because it helps women understand how it important it is toRead MoreDifference Between Ownership And A Sense Of Self1287 Words   |  6 Pagesin life, but how does ownership relate to a sense of self? This question has been constantly answered for centuries through intelligent people like Plato, Aristotle, and Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the question has received no agreeable answer. In the end, people will agree that there is a strong and positive relationship between ownership and a sense of self because the things you own will define and develop who you are positively by exhibiting what you like, what you can and cannot do, and in the

Music sampling Essay Example For Students

Music sampling Essay Sampling reconnects many listeners to past events and will allow future artists to be to develop new forms to express themselves by using preexisting ideas to create a new sound. For many years artist have been sampling music. Although many may question the definition of sampling music. When dealing with music, sampling is taking a certain portion of another artists music and using it in a different song. Sampling could be taking some of another artist sound recording or lyrics. In todays society majority of the music being played is sampled music from previous generations. Usually when a new artist samples old music it regenerates the song that they took the sample from. Sampling can also involve creative manipulations, such as changing the speed or pitch of the original sample. The genre Hip-Hop is one of todays popular genres which is made from sampling music. Music sampling began in the sasss and has been used till this day. The introduction of music sampling and hip-hop was a turning point in history leading into a powerful cultural and musical movement. Most of the music that is used for sampling came from Jazz music.. It wasnt until the sass and early ass that music sampling really blow up with hip-hop. Vinyl records and tape loops were used to sample music . The sampling was done by Des who had turntables. For more than fifty years music sampling has evolved, beginning with classical composers and is now moving through the hip-hop industry. Hip hop and rap has relied on the practice of sampling ever since, but youll find examples of sampling in other genres occasionally. But legal issues have largely stifled its widespread use. In todays society technology has extremely enhanced, although sampling is common it is connected to many legal issues, laws, and restrictions. Many may assume or say that music sampling is stealing because its not original and the artist sees someone elses piece without the consent of the original artist. People also disagree with music sampling because most artist does not give the proper recognition to the original artists. According to lawyer Michelle AIBO, even the smallest shred of anothers work can be infringement. This means that no matter how much of the piece you took a sample of if you did not get permission from the original artist or composer you are in violation of the law or right. A lot of people believe that music is suppose to be original and made your own. An artists music suppose to illustrate originality and creativity. They also believe that music sampling is the easy way out instead of taking the time to actually sit and develop a relatively creative piece witho ut the use of someone elses work or ideas. Money also plays a artists to be unique and use the samples they would like to. How to make money off of every single sample should not be the focus but more on how to create guidelines for sampling. Furthermore, help staying connected to the music and artist in the past. I dont see anything wrong with sampling music. I believe music sampling is unique and cool. The fact that an artist can take a piece of music from somewhere else and combine it with their own to make a hot record is simply amazing. Music sampling adds a lot of value to songs. Sampling resurrects older artists careers. As Noah Coachman argues, all kinds of artists have always borrowed and built on each others work, these corporations have outlawed an art form. Music sampling depicts a combination of new and old while staying authentic and artistic. It also reconnects a lot of listeners to events in the past, it may also bring back special memories, which is highly important when trying to bring in a wide variety of listeners and customers. Sampling adds a new dimension to the cloudy issue of borrowing within pop music, since the actual recordings of other artists can be used. Young adults like myself like to hear the popular music of today and sometimes even old school music, sampling is the perfect way to combine the two! Its a new vibe with an old school feel to it. Personally I enjoy listening to old school records from the late ass early ass , they tell good stories. Most hip-hop artist are telling a story in their music. I believe artist uses pieces from the past to get older listeners to und erstand he story that is being told in the song. Of course the younger generation would understand but would the older generation get a sense of understanding if the artist did not use pieces from the past? .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .postImageUrl , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:hover , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:visited , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:active { border:0!important; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:active , .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211 .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4900471528cfca7d352315c0fdb25211:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music and Western Civilization EssayNot at all, in todays society most older adults believe all artist talk about nowadays is sex, money, and drugs especially if the record sounds unfamiliar to them. For example, when Kindlier Lamar came out with the song Swimming Pools my mother heard the chorus and automatically did not like the song because she couldnt relate, but once Kindlier Lamar came out with the Eng Poetic Justice she actually took the time out to listen to it because he used a sample from Janet Jackson song Anytime, Any place which is a song she listened to in her younger days. My mom actually listened to the lyrics and began to like the song. Sometimes it takes Just a little piece from the past for people to engage in the music of today. Music sampling would be a lot less controversial if it was regulated. It can be regulated by developing a legalized contract and discussing copyright permission from the owners, etc. Although artist dont intentionally mean to use samples and try o pass them off as their own, copyright owners still saw it as a problem and sued whomever it was that sampled the music. If music sampling was regulated properly there would be less commotion in the music industry. Regulating music sampling would be a big help because it would be fixed to where both the artists (the original artist the sampled artist) would get paid for the piece of music that sells in stores. Therefore both artist would get paid an equal amount of money and the original artist would receive proper recognition and compensation for the original piece. In conclusion music sampling still remains a controversial issue.

International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan

Introduction Global literature on accounting supplies evidence of the economic implications of accounting quality such as costs of capital (Leuz Verrecchia 2000) as well as international capital mobility (Guenther Young 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Land and Lang, the quality of accounting systems has improved significantly throughout the world since the 1990’s (2002). This improvement can be attributed to globalization and expectations of international accounting synchronization. Most countries are discovering the benefits that come with standardized accounting and financial reporting systems. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) refers to a collection of accounting standards established by an autonomous, non-profit body called the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (International Monetary Fund 2001). Kazakhstan joins the list of the countries that recently adopted the IFRS (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). Though Kazakhstan has had much success with the adoption, there have been significant hurdles in the process. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the adoption of IFRS by Kazakhstan and plans for IPSAS (International Public Sector Accounting Standards) set to be introduced in 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). To accomplish this goal, this essay is divided into several sections. The paper begins with a brief overview of the adoption of IFRS and the progress made so far in the adoption process. This is followed by an analysis of the adoption process of IFRS by Kazakhstan.Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This analysis is done by comparing the gains made so far, the obstacles encountered i n the adoption process as well as the prospects that may accrue due to the adoption. In the subsequent section, the paper analyzes the planned public sector accounting system reform in Kazakhstan. Overview of Adoption of IFRS IFRS are occasionally mistaken for their older versions IAS (International Accounting Standards). The worldwide implementation of IFRS is happening speedily to generate quality enhancement in accounting by establishing a standardized platform for financial reporting (Elliot Elliot 2011). This trend is due to the notion that the reporting system provides quality accounting and reporting system. However, the quality of accounting is largely dependent on a company’s general institutional background. These include the political and legal environment of the country where the company is located. Approximately one hundred and twenty countries sanction or compel the use of IFRS by public companies. Due to the upward trend witnessed in their application, a signi ficant increase in the number of countries that adopt IFRS is expected by 2015 (IASB 2011). Advocates of IFRS as an international standard for accounting argue that the price of executing IFRS can be countered with capacity for improved credit ratings offered by the international standards (Barth, Landsman Lang 2006). The body that oversees the formulation and adoption of IFRS is an autonomous accounting standard-setting organization that is centered in London and is known as IASB (IASB 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It started working in 2001 after succeeding the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). ISAB is mandated with formulating and updating IFRS to match current accounting expectations. Though the AICPA is an instituting member of the IASC, it is not connected to the IASB. The next issue to a ssess is the adoption of IFRS in various countries to establish the challenges they encounter as they attempt to integrate their national financial reporting systems with the relatively new IFRS. Looking at the challenges faced by major economies provides an indication of what to expect in developing economies. To guarantee the regularization of financial reporting, the accounting industries of individual countries implement GAAPs that oversee the presentation of financial information (Ding, Jeanjean Stolowy 2005). Consistent with IASB, the process of merging the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U. S. GAAP) and IFRS should have been completed by June 2011 (Elliot Elliot 2011). According to Miller and Becker, this convergence has been the collaborative efforts of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the IASB to upgrade IFRS and reduce the disparities between IFRS and U.S. GAAP (2010).Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They argue that standards of instruction on accounting and financial reporting have to be changed if this convergence is to be successful. If convergence faces these kinds of challenges in an established economy like the United States, who are among the countries that established IASB, how much more challenging can the adoption of IFRS be in a developing economy like Kazakhstan? This question is answered in the subsequent sections. The Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards by Kazakhstan IFRS were established in developed economies, but are gradually being adopted in developing economies possibly overlooking deliberations in the implications of adopting IFRS on economies like Kazakhstan. When a business functions within its national boundaries, the GAAP of that country is a suitable standard for financial reporting. However, owing to globalization of business, many multinational corporations experience difficulties in providing standardized information that correspo nds to the GAAP of one nation without breaching the GAAP of another (Ball 2001). To facilitate uniformity in financial reporting (in the international arena), IASB endorses the implementation of IFAS. Kazakhstan, a former constituent of the Soviet Union, has a fast-growing economy with a projected annual growth rate 7% in 2010 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). It has a robust service and manufacturing industry. Agriculture only supplies 5.4% of its per capita GDP, which is $12,800 US (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). According to Tyrrall, Woodward Rakhimbekova, Kazakhstan’s economic environment is very ideal for the adoption of IFRS, but the adoption process is expected to gain relevance gradually (2007). In accordance with the laws of Kazakhstan on financial reporting, the use of IFRS was to commence in financial institutions by 2003 while government institutions were to adopt these standards from 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007). Obstacles in Adoption of IFRS This unitary set of standards contained in IFRS resolves many difficulties in financial reporting while creating other challenges. In a developing country like Kazakhstan, the adoption of these standards faces many challenges. According to the IMF, translation of IFRS principles from English to Kazakh and Russian present the greatest challenge to the adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan (2004). IMF reports that there is no officially approved translation from English to Kazakh. In addition, though IFRS has been translated to Kazakh from English, new changes in IFRS are yet to be introduced in the translations. A USAID consultant with experience working in developing countries, Robert McGee, outlines the examples of challenges presented by the adoption of IFRS in developing countries (2006). McGee believes that since most developing countries possess a top-down approach in decision making, most governments in these countries a re likely to adopt these standards, but this does not mean the standards are going to be implemented. In this top-down approach to decision making, the government officials and business executives who ratify these reforms may have little or no knowledge of the implications of their application. McGee also considers the problem caused by difficulty in interpretation of IFRS into local languages (2006). Though there are numerous translators who can interpret English documents into local languages like Kazakh, there is a shortage of such translators with an in-depth understanding of Western accounting. Another major obstacle for IFRS involves the cost of execution. The accounting sector in every nation that embraces the standards has to cater for the cost of re-education and instruction on their principles (Miller Becker 2010). Companies are also required to dedicate time and funds to the re-education of staff. If universally applied and if companies are forced to abide by the require ments of IFRS, the adoption can present a burden of high cost to companies that only operate within national borders and who have no interest in international harmonization. The cost to these companies in adjusting to IFRS overshadows any gains they might expect. Prospects that may Accrue in the Adoption of IFRS by Kazakhstan An increasing number of firms in Kazakhstan are embracing International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS enables improved comparability and openness of financial reporting (Barth, Landsman Lang 2006). This comparability is important in guaranteeing the release of standardized financial information, which is compulsory for lessening information asymmetry and resolving agency predicaments in the commercial sector. Firms that apply uniform standards in the preparation of their financial statements are easily comparable. Standardization is particularly essential in the comparison of the performance of companies situated in different countries. This increase in comparability aids international investors in the decision-making process regarding where to put their money. Comparably, accounting diversity is an obstacle to international investment (Bradshaw, Bushe Miller 2004). Therefore eliminating cross-border diversities in accounting standards helps in accelerating international amalgamation of capital markets (Covrig, Defond Hung 2007). Bushman and Piotroski demonstrate that companies in nations with well-timed financial-statement detection of losses are not as prone to undertaking negative Net Present Value investments as those without these standards (2006). The improved transparency and loss detection timeliness guaranteed by IFRS can increase profitability by reducing agency costs. No agency is required since transparency ensures that company executives operate in the best interest of company shareholders. Public Sector Accounting System in Kazakhstan Public sector accounting is a technique of accounting used largely by non-profit b odies in the public sector whose profit margins are too low to allow for performance evaluation. There is a significant contrast between accounting in the private sector and public sector accounting. The core causes of this variance are in the setting of the accounting system. In the governmental setting, public sector bodies have diverse goals in contrast to their private counterparts whose main drive is profitability. Moreover, in public sector accounting, the government body has the obligation of financial answerability for the use of public funds in the budgetary environment. One strangeness of accounting in the public sector lies in the authority of the government in acquiring resources for the bodies (Jorge 2008). In ideal economics, all economic bodies are presumed to perform reasonably and on an even position on the market to increase profitability. However, the reality in the public sector is that a hierarchical arrangement occurs between the government and other government al bodies during the circulation of resources. The governments are tasked with the responsibility of collecting taxes and issuing currency. This permits the aggressive obtaining of resources by a government and reluctant surrender of resources by other bodies. The central governments have the power to issue money and oversee taxation and do not have any external supervision on their procurement of economic resources. Goods and services manufactured and delivered by economic bodies in the public sector are not exposed to the normal market procedure where prices are governed by supply and demand (Coombs Jenkins 2002). Therefore, there is a need for the enforcement of a standardized public system that ensures accountability of governments in the use of public resources. Accounting theory asserts that the fundamental rationale for financial reporting is to lessen information unevenness between company executives and parties contracting with their firms (Ball 2001). Financial reporting moderates information unevenness by releasing appropriate information in a timely manner (Frankel Li 2004). International accounting systems present an appealing platform for the examination of the economic outcomes of financial reporting. This is specifically important, considering the differences that exist in the quality of accounting across different countries. The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) concentrates on accounting, financial reporting, assessment requirements of government administrations and their agencies. IPSAB meets these requirements using a standard system for guidance, carrying out training, conducting research, and promoting a platform for sharing of information amongst professional accountants (Benston et al. 2006). These standards apply universally and offer uniformity for all nations irrespective of their economic status. Intended for use in formulating multi-purpose financial statements, the International Public Sector Accoun ting Standards establish the criteria for recognizing, measuring and disclosing transactions by governments, and tax remittance records. The objective of IPSAB is to establish universally applicable accounting standards for governments. This enables governments and public sector organizations to compare information and raise the level of transparency. In Kazakhstan, for example, application of these standards can aid in eliminating the fear of corruption that constantly plagues the country’s economy. This can improve investor confidence and in turn, improve the overall economy. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is expected to prepare and present public sector financial statements that conform to the accrual basis of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by the end of 2013 (International Monetary Fund 2004). Existing financial reporting procedures used in Kazakhstan are founded on several decrees delivered by the government. The proposal currently being contemplated is how to transition from this system of public financial reporting to IPSAS. The transition is instigated by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with contributions from the National Bank (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). The process of adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan began with its selection from various models that served as foundations of financial accounting (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007). The next stage in the introduction of internationally conforming accounting standards by the Kazakhstan government is the planned introduction of IPSAS, which is aimed at improving reliability and openness in financial reporting. The leadership of the government of Kazakhstan outlines the responsibility of the government in creating an open and consistent model for the management of state assets (Nazarbev 2008). The main targets of public sector accounting reform are formation of inclusive information on the functions and the condition of the public sector and ensuring open and uniform financial reporting. It also focuses on objective contemplation on information on assets, outcomes, and liabilities of public sector financial activity. The current public accounting system in Kazakhstan is founded on a cash model that does not allow for scrutiny of budget policy. This is ineffective since it does not provide room for measuring the impact of budget policy on the Kazakhstan economy. In the world today, there is increasing demand for transparency of public institutions and accountability of public officials (Covrig, Defond Hung 2007). This demand has seen national and international focus shift from management of costs to the management of results. In response, the Kazakhstan government has set up a three-year plan for the implementation of public accounting and financial reform. The chief benefit of accounting on the cash basis is that it can depict the flows of revenue expenses as well a s the capital flows for infrastructure creation (Jorge 2008). Cash-based accounting, therefore, presents a good system that favors decision making. The government is expected to complete the implementation of financial reporting systems in line with the standards stipulated by IPSAS by 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). These reforms are necessary since the cash-based budgetary accounting has several weaknesses. According to the Ministry of Finance, the current public accounting system is not founded on firm principles that can withstand the test of time (2010). The system used does not conform to international standards since not all public assets are incorporated in the financial statements. The cash method of accounting does not have provisions for distinct costs of operations of the government or lasting and dependent liabilities (International Monetary Fund 2001). A budget using this method can only be presented in three parts containing revenue, exp enditure and source of funds. It merely records cash flows in terms of inflows and outflows without balancing assets and liabilities. Given this state of affairs, it is essential to operate liabilities and assets accurately on a stock basis. In a country like Kazakhstan, the stock basis guarantees improved balance in sharing economic burdens by different generations. This is one reason why accounting and reporting of public assets and liabilities on an accrual basis is important. The desire of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to transition from cash accounting to accrual accounting can be explained by several reasons. One of the reasons is the need to have balanced accounts when requesting for international funding. Taxes are a principal source of funding for the government and ought to be acknowledged and evaluated as growth in taxpayers’ equity (Jorge 2008). When the government requires a loan from the international community, it is requested to produce a connec tion of its assets and liabilities. The planned transition by the Kazakhstan government to transition to IPSAS is expected to be overseen by professionals in the accounting sector (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). Incorporating the services of professionals in such an intricate process helps in laying strong foundations that can stand the test of time. For this purpose, the professionals need to have sufficient knowledge that corresponds to current international standards on IFRS and IPSAS. Conclusion Recent trends show that there is a steady spread of the application of IFRS throughout the world. Consequently, a time might come when there will be a global transition by all countries from their respective national systems of accounting to international systems. Irrespective of the international standard these countries choose to adopt, and this transition seems eminent. However, for any country, the process of transition from the national system is not smooth . It is even more difficult for developing countries such as Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, the adoption of IFRS depicts some of the difficulties that exist especially in translation and interpretation of the terminologies therein into local languages. The shortage of professionals and instructors is also depicted as a drawback in the adoption process. The adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan is even more problematic when the standards are to be applied by all companies (big or small). Some companies, especially those that operate within the national borders of Kazakhstan may not benefit from the uniformity and comparability offered by IFRS. The cost of transition to these new standards may be too high for small companies, and this might decelerate the overall economic growth of Kazakhstan’s economy. However, it is not all gloom concerning the adoption of IFRS standards in developing countries like Kazakhstan. Some of the benefits of comparability and transparency can encourage cross-b order investment. This can certainly be a big boost to the Kazakhstani economy. Application of international standards puts these companies on the international economic radar and makes it easy for investors to follow their progress and choose where to invest. The foundations laid by the Ministry of Finance for the transition to IPSAS based standards seem robust. The deadline set by the government for the adoption of IFRS by all institutions in Kazakhstan is gradually approaching. The concern that most economists and accountants have is whether the government will contemplate on the problems witnessed so far in the implementation process by the private sector so that the application of these standards in the public sector will be easier and less costly. References Ball, R 2001, ‘Infrastructure requirements for an economically efficient system of public financial reporting and disclosure,’ Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, vol. 2001 no. 1, pp. 127-169. Bart h, M, Landsman, W, Lang, M 2006, International accounting standards and accounting quality, Working Paper, Stanford University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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Nazarbev, N, A 2008, Address by the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the people of Kazakhstan: growth of welfare of Kazakhstan’s citizens is the primary goal of state policy. Web. References Tyrrall, D, Woodward, D, Rakhimbekova, A 2007, ‘The relevance of international financial reporting standards to a developing country: evidence from Kazakhstan,’ The International Journal of Accounting, vol. 42. no. 1, pp. 82-110. This essay on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan was written and submitted by user Ahmad Mann to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.